Das Capital in the Anthropocene

(Cat: ECO
Pub: 2021
#2111a

Kohei Saito (斎藤幸平)

21414u

Das Capital in the Anthropocene

人新世の資本論

0. Preface:
1. Climate Change and the Imperial Way of Life:
2. The Limits of Climate Keynesianism:
3. Contradiction of degrowth in the capitalism system:
4. Marks in Anthoropocene:
5. Escapism named accelerationism:
6. Capitalism causes scarcity, communism abundance:
7. Degrowth Communism will Save the World:
8. The Leverage of Climate Justice:

0. 序文:
1. 気候変動と帝国的生活様式:
2. 気候ケインズ主義の限界:
3. 資本主義システムでの脱成長を撃つ:
4. 人新世のマルクス:
5. 加速主義という現実逃避:
6. 欠乏の資本主義、潤沢なコミュニズム:
7. 脱成長コミュニズムが世界を救う:
8. 気候正義という梃子:
9. 歴史を終わらせないために:

• This is the book of Environment and Sustainability for human kind who want to survive a little longer than other species on this Earth.

Résumé

Remarks

>Top 0. Preface:

• 'Anthropocene' is a proposed geological epoch where human impact on the Earth's ecosystems climate change. IUGS (International Union of Geological Sciences) has almost approved the term; considering the starting time from the beginning of the Agricultural Revolution (12-15k years ago) or from the Great Acceleration period of CO2 from 1960s, or Trinity nuclear test in 1945.
• Thus in the Quaternary periods; Pleistocene starts 2.58ma, Holocene starts 11.7ka, and then Anthropocene starts.

0. 序文:

• 人新世は、地質時代第４紀更新世 (洪積世)の氷河期を経て、現在は完新世(沖積世)であるが、人間の活動によって地球環境(CO2など）に重大な影響 (Great Acceleration)を与えているので、新たな区分が国際地質科学連合で最終的に検討中。この人新世のスタートは、12-15千年前の農業革命とするか、地球環境の劇的変化開始の1960年代とするか、あるいは1945年の初の核実験とするか議論中。

>Top 1. Climate Change and the Imperial Way of Life:

• 2018 William Nordhaus  (1941-); US economist; developed climate change models, and proposed carbon tax.
  • CO2 reduction ratio: the target of 3.5ºC rise within by 2100 leaning too much to the side of economic growth.
  • Even 2016 Paris Agreement aims within rise within 2ºC by 2100
  • The point of no-return: abnormal climate without no-returning.
  • 2020/6 recorded 38ºC in Siberia, accelerating thawing of permafrost.
  • Now already has risen 10ºC; allowing 1.5ºC rise by 2100; we must halve CO2 emission by 2030, and continue zero emission by 2050
• If CO2 emission continues:
  • Current CO2 emission ratio worldwide: China 28.2%, US 14.5%, India 6.6%, Russia 4.7%, Japan 3.4%; World Top 5 countries emits 60%.
  • Global warming will enforce hundreds millions of people need to migrate from submerged areas.
  • Economic loss due to global warming; 27 trillion dollars
  • Now is the Era of 'Great Acceleration' of environmental load increase.
  • The epoch of Anthropocene is heading for a catastrophe.
• >Top Imperial Lebensweise (Imperial Lifestyle):
• Mass production and mass consumption in the Global North.
• Worsening living conditions for people in the Global South is a precondition for capitalism.
• Global North is a externalizing society making the sacrifice of the Global South invisible; which is the invisibility of perpetrator consciousness.
• The target of exploitation is human labor on the periphery and the entire global environment.
• >Top 'Netherlands Fallacy': by Paul R. Ehrilich
• a wealthy developed nation (like Netherlands) may appear to have minimal environmental impacts because many products consumed within its borders are produced elsewhere.
• It is a fallacy that developed countries can achieve economic growth while reducing environmental pollution.
• 'Extractivism': extracting natural resources fro the Earth to sell in the global market.
• Capital aims for infinite value growth, but the Earth is finite.
• Exponential growth can't last forever in a finite world.
• Karl Marx (1818-1883); predicted the environmental crisis:
• Capitalism shifts its own contradictions elsewhere.
• Justus F. von Liebig (1803-73)
  • criticized predatory agriculture; P and K are utilized by plants through rock weathering process; because sustainable agriculture necessitates cycling of soil nutrients.
  • Can the environment crisis be overcome by technological development?
• >Top Ecological Imperialism:
  • Remarkable ammonia synthesis of chemical fertilizers: Haber-Bosch Process.
    • however, H is derived from 3-5% of natural gas.
  • Environmental damage caused by excessive use of chemical fertilizers (Technological transfer)
  • >Top Guano, accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats, which is used as an effective fertilizer of N, P, and K.
    • 1879-84, Guano War: Spain fought with Peru over the control of the guano-rich Chincha Islands.
    • 1879-84, Guerra del Pacífico, or Guerra del salitre; war between Chile and Bolivian-Peruvian alliance. The Chilean Army took Bolivia's nitrate-rich coastal region, and Peru was defeated by the Chilean Navy.
  • Temporal Shift: 'Great flood, come after my death'
• Reduction of externalized society;
• Loss of low-cost labor frontier.
• Environmental destruction cannot be passed on to the Global South.

1. 気候変動と帝国的生活様式:

• 2018 William Nordhaus; 気候変動経済学者ノーベル賞受賞; 炭素税導入を提唱
  • CO2削減率は、3.5ºC上昇/2100では経済成長の側に傾き過ぎている
  • 2016パリ協定の目標でも 2ºC以内の上昇/2100
  • Point of No-return: 不可逆的な異常気象
  • 2020/6 シベリア気温38ºC記録→永久凍土の融解
  • すでに1ºC上昇しているので、あと1.5ºC以内にするためには、2030までにCO2排出量を半減、2050までzero目標必要
• CO2排出が続くと
  • 現在のCO2排出量: 中国28.2%, US14.5%, インド6.6%, ロシア4.7%, 日本3.4%; 世界5カ国で60%を排出
  • 世界で億人単位の移住が必要
  • 経済損失; 27兆ドル
  • 環境負荷増大の大加速時代(Great Acceleration)
  • 人新世は、破局に向かっている
• 帝国的生活様式 (Imperiale Lebensweise):
  • Global Northでの大量生産・大量消費の世界
  • Global Southの人々の生活条件の悪化は資本主義の前提条件
  • 犠牲を不可視化する外部化社会: 加害者意識の不可視化
  • 搾取対象は、周辺部の人間の労働力と地球環境全体
• 'オランダの誤謬' (Netherlands Fallacy):
• 先進国が環境汚染を軽減しながら、経済成長を果たすこと自体が誤謬である。
• 採取主義 (Extractivism)
• 資本は無限の価値増殖を目指すが、地球は有限
• 指数関数的な成長は有限な世界では永遠には続かない
• Karl Marx (1818-1883)による環境危機の予言:
  • 資本主義は自らの矛盾を別の所に転嫁する
  • Justus F. von Liebig (1803-1873)
    • 略奪農業批判: P, Kは岩石の風化によって植物が利用; 持続的農業には土壌養分の循環が必要
    • 環境危機は、技術発展によって乗り越えられるか
• 生態学的帝国主義 Ecological Imperialism:
  • Haber-Bosch Process: アンモニア合成法：化学肥料の合成
    • 但し、Hは、天然ガスの3-5%
• 化学肥料の多用による環境被害 (技術的転嫁）
• Guano: P肥料 (空間的転換)
  • 1864-66 Guano戦争:
  • 1879-84 硝石戦争(Chilean nitrate):
• 時間的転換:
  • 大洪水、我が亡き後に来たれ (Great flood, come after my death.)
• 外部化社会の縮小:
  • 廉価な労働力frontierの喪失
  • 環境破壊は、Global Southへの転嫁不能

>Top 2. The Limits of Climate Keynesianism:

• The Green New Deal:
  • Major transformation of existing social infrastructure is needed in the era of climate crisis:
    • issue of the Planetary boundary
  • To promote renewable energy, and EV.
  • Neoliberalism is invalid in the age of crisis.
  • Thomas Friedman: Flattening of the World could be sustainable by the Green Revolution.
  • SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals); aims the green economic growth
    • 7 countries issued New Climate Economy Report
• Is it possible the (absolute) decoupling of economic growth and environmental burden?
• Is it possible CO2 zero emission by 2030?
• The economic growth trap:
  • Green economic growth may cause further increase of CO2 emission.
  • Simultaneous achievement of 2-3% GDP growth as well as 10% reduction of CO2 emission.
• Achievable if economic growth is given up.
  • impossible due to capitalism's productivity trap.
  • Raise of unemployment rate→Raise of labor productivity→Expansion of economic scale
• >Top Efficiency of energy consumption:
  • Possible of 'relative decoupling' between carbon emission and growth in advanced countries,
    • however, relative consumption of CO2 in Brazil, ME, etc increases,
    • consequently, on a global scale, reduction of CO2 emission remains only 0.2% (2004-15) due to remarkable growth of emerging countries and US.
      • World CO2 emission: 2.6% up
      • US CO2 emission: 1.6% up
    • Even relative decoupling is unavailable in carbon foot print (which is CO2 emission during life time of goods) considering world trade
• >Top Efficiency will make the response against the climate crisis more difficult.
  • 1865 Jevons Paradox (or Jevons' Effect) occurs when technological progress increase the efficiency with with a resource is used, but the rate of consumption of that resource rises due to increasing demand. (widely known paradox in environmental economics; Coal-burning factories in 19C Manchester)
• Rebound effect
• Ironically, resource consumption actually increases despite technological advances attains the efficiency of resource use.
• This occurs when the increase in demand is greater than the effect of conservation; thus the overall resource use increases.
• Soaring of oil price causes to promote development of oil sand or oil shale,
  • rather than shifting to renewable energy;
  • which shows more strong enforcement outside the market is needed.
• The richest 10% of the population pyramid emits 49% of CO2 (due to luxurious life style such as use of private jet plane, sport car, large mansion, etc.
  • while the poorest 50% of the bottom emits only 10% of CO2.
• Real cost EV, or batteries used for EV, awakes us:
  • Lithium (Li) resource; Salar de Atacama in Chile, which has no drainage outlets (27% of world Li reserve)
    • Li recovery by evaporating brine, by pumping up about 1700L of brine water from underground per second, which negatively affects surrounding ecological environment. (reduce of Andes Flamingo, and portable water by local people)
  • Cobalt (Co) resource; more than 70% is produce from the mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); 15-30% of the Congolese Co is produced by artisanal & small-scale mining (ASM). Child labor, fatal accidents, and violent clashes are recurrent.
• >Top Material Footprint (MF); refers to the total amount of raw materials (biomass, metal ores, fossil energy, etc) extracted to meet final consumption demands; as a indication of the pressures place on the environment to support economic growth.
  • SCP (Sustainable Consumption & Production) US Action Plan
  • MF per unit of GDP tend to increase gradually.
  • In recent years, recoupling of GDP and MF is in process.
  • Total import of resources (minerals, ores, fossil fuels, & biomass):
    26.7B tons/1970 →100B tons/2017→180B tons/2050e
    • while the recycle rate is only 8.6%
    • the prospects of achieving the circular economy or sustainability are rather misleading or illusion.
• IEA Estimate:
  • Production of EV increases: 2M→280M/2040
  • but the reduction effect of CO2 will be expected only 1%.
• >Top NET (Negative Emission Technology),
  • or CDR (Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology):
  • 1) aforestation and reforestation
  • 2) BECCS (Biomass Enhanced CO2 Capture and Storage
  • Ultimately, it is important to reduce the consumption of goods; aiming scale down or slow down the economy to the scale of the 1970s.
• >Top Eco-modernism; the idea of managing the Earth by using nuclear power stations and NETS.
  • Arrogant attitude to manage the nature by intervening more than we we can.
  • We could not pursue concurrently both of the environmental sustatinability and unlimited economic growth.
    (Ecological Imperialism)
• Politicalism:
  • Electing good leaders within the framework of parliamentary democracy.
  • Can parliamentary politics alone expand the realm of democracy and reform social regime, such as major shift of ownership mechanism of means of production?
  • Politics is not autonomous with regard to economics, but rather heteronomous to the power of capital.
  • Aaron Bastani: "Fully Automated Luxury Communism": asserts that
    the technological advance will reduce the value of commodities - food, healthcare and housing - towards zero. Improvements in renewable energies will make fossil fuels a thing of the past.
    • People feel powerless and be apathetic such that they cannot live without capitalism (ie. without the power of commodities)
• Local resistance:
• France: Climate citizens' assembly; yellow vest movement. the assembly requires abolition of domestic flight, ban on CM of cars, introduction of wealth tax to combat climate change, trial of ecocide.
• UK: Rebellion Against Extinction

2. 気候ケインズ主義の限界:

• グリーン・ニューディール (Green New Deal):
  • 気候危機の時代には既存の社会インフラの大転換が必要
    • Planetary boundary (地球の限界)の問題がある
• 再生可能エネルギー、EVの推進
• 危機の時代に新自由主義は無効
• T. Fieldman: 世界のフラット化+Green革命
• SDGs: 緑の経済成長を目指す
  • New Climate Economy Report
• 経済成長か環境負荷かの(絶対的)Decouplingは可能化か
  • CO2 zero 2030が可能か
  • 経済成長の罠
• 緑の経済成長が、CO2排出量増大を招く?
• 2-3% GDP成長と、CO2排出量10%減少の同時達成
• 経済成長を諦めれば達成可能
  • 資本主義の生産性の罠では不可能
  • 失業率up→労働生産性up→経済規模拡大
• エネルギー消費の効率化:
  • 先進国での(CO2排出と成長の)相対的Decouplingは可能
  • 但し、世界規模ではCO2排出削減はわずか0.2% (2004-15)
    • 新興国による経済成長
    • 世界のCO2排出: 2.6%up
    • 米国のCO2排出: 1.6%up
  • .輸出入を加味したCarbon footprintでは、相対的decouplingも生じていない。
    • 商品life timeでのCO2排出量
• 効率化は気候危機への対応をより困難化
  • 1865; Jevons Paradox: 石炭問題 (19C英国)
    • Rebound効果
    • 技術進歩により資源利用の効率性UPにもかかわらず、資源消費量はむしろ増加する
    • 需要増加が節約効果よりも大きく、全体の資源利用が増えるときに起こる
• 石油価格高騰の結果
  • 再生可能エネルギーへの転換でなく
  • Oil sand, Oil shale 開発を促進している
  • 市場外の強い強制力が必要
• 富裕層が排出する大量のCO2
  • 富裕層Top 10%は、49%のCO2を排出
  • 貧困層Bottom 50%は、10%のCO2を排出
  • Private Jet、Sports car、大豪邸
• EVの本当のコスト:
  • Li資源: Salar de Atacama; Li埋蔵量は世界の27%
    • 鹹水を蒸発させてLi回収
  • Co資源: コンゴ民主共和国
• Material Footprint (MF);
  • SCP (Sustainable Consuption & Production) 行動計画(UN)
  • GDP１単位当たりのMF; 漸増傾向
  • 近年は、GDPとMFのRecoupling進行中
  • 資源(鉱物+鉱石+化石燃料+Biomass)総輸入量:
    267億t/1970→1000億t/2017→1800億t/2050e
    • 一方recycle率は、8.6%
    • 循環型経済、持続可能性はむしろmiss leading
• IEA Estimate:
  • EV生産量: 2M→280M/2040
  • CO2削減効果: 1%
• NET (Negative Emission Technology)
  • 大気中のCO2除去装置
  • 1) 植林、再植林
  • 2) BECCS (バイオマスによるCO2回収･貯留)
  • 究極的には、モノの消費そのものの減少が重要。
    • 経済のScale down & Slow down
    • 生活レベルを1970年代の規模にする
• エコ近代主義 (Eco-modernism); 原発やNET (Negative Emission Technology(を使って地球を管理運用しようとする思想。
  • 環境に対し今以上の介入をして自然を管理しようとする; →実際には環境の持続可能性と無限の経済成長との両立は不可能 (=生態学的帝国主義)
• 政治主義:
  • 議会民主政の枠内で良いリーダーを選出する
  • 議会政治だけで民主主義の領域を拡張し、社会全体を改革 (生産関係の大転換)が可能か。
  • 政治は、経済に対して自律的ではなく、むしろ他律的 (資本の力に対して)である。
    • Aaron Bastani: "Fully Automated Luxuary Communism":
      技術進歩により，食料、医療、住宅などの商品価値はゼロとなり、再生可能エネルギーの改善によって化石燃料は過去のものとなるという考え
      • 人々は無力になって資本主義なし(商品の力なし)には生きられないと無意識に感じる。
  • 地方の抵抗運動:
  • 仏: 気候市民議会 (Climate citizens' assembly)黄色いベスト運動;
    抽選による市民議会の提案; 飛行場の親切禁止、国内線の廃止、自動車のCM禁止、気候変動対策用の富裕税導入、環境破壊罪(Ecocide)試行
  • 英: 絶滅への反逆

• >Top Summary of NETS; by EASAC (European Academies Science Advisory Council), Feb 2018

• Approx. costs: L=less than €100/tCO2; M=€100-400/tCO2; H=more than €400/tCO2
• Notes: (1) To climate change, fires, pests, disease, forestry policy changes. (2) Warming increasing soil respiration, return to intensive agriculture. (3) On assumption that secure geological sites used for storage. (4) For example, release of other GHGs, effects of land use change, albedo.
• 1) Afforestation and reforestation: absorb CO2 through plant growth; 1.1-3.3tC/year. Potential problems exist in the release of stored carbon during the disruption of planting or land-use change.
• 2) Land management o increase carbon in soils; Modifying agricultural practice offers potential for increasing carbon storage in soil. Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) could remove up to 0.7tC/year from the atmosphere.
• 3) BECCS (Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage): annual capture potential 0.5-5B tons with the cost $\$$100-200/ton.
  Producing biomass fuel involves the absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere, and returning that to the atmosphere on combustion is avoided by capturing it from flue gases and storing it in geological reservoirs.
• 4) Enhanced weathering:
  When silicate or carbonate minerals dissolve in rainwater, CO2 is drawn into the solution from the atmosphere. The potential of carbon removal by enhanced weathering has been estimated 1 tC/year.
  
• 5) DACCS (Direct air capture and carbon storage):
  annual capture potential: 0.5-5B tons. with $\$$200-600/ton; air from the atmosphere flows over a contractor that selectively removes the CO2, which is then released as a concentrated stream for disposal or use while the sorbent is regenerate and the CO2-deplted air is returned to the atmosphere.
• 6) Ocean fertilization:
  Planktonic algae and other microscopic plants take up CO2 and convert it to organic matter, some of which sinks as detritus and is sequestered in the deep ocean.

>Top 3. Contradiction of degrowth in the capitalism system:

• 2018: Kate Reworks, Doughnut Economy:
  • Within the ecological limits of the Earth, what level of economic development is possible for the entire population to survive? (allusion to the habitable zone of the planet)
  • Doughnut Economy:
    • The inner boundary is the essential social foundation, such as material conditions for living freely supplied with water, income, education, etc.
    • The outer boundary the maximus environmental boundary for sustainability (=planetary boundary) for the prosperity of future generations.
    • Most countries satisfy their social needs at the expense of sustainability.
  • If we perform development assistant to the developing world based on the mode of developed world, we are destined to follow the road to ruin for the entire planet.
    • In fact, we could save 850M starving people just by increasing the total calorie supply by 1%.
    • and, there are 1.3B people without access to electricity, but supply them with electricity will only increase CO2 emission by 1%.
    • furthermore, to end the poverty of 1.4B people living less than $\$$1.25/day, distribution of only 0.2% of the world's income would be enough.
  • Beyond the doughnut boundary, there is no correlation between economic growth and improvement in life.
    • Prosperity of the society depends on how production and distribution should be organized.
    • If the entire world is not sustainable, the entire plant would be an uninhabitable environment.
    • The developed countries should actively consider transforming to the degrowth and steady-state economy.
    • We need to aspire to aim fairer and sustainable society in order to survive ourselves.
• >Top Four future options:
  • X-axis: Equality ⇔ Inequality
  • Y-axis: More power ⇔ Less power

③Climate Maoism	①Climate Fascism
④X	②State of barbarism

• ① Climate Fascism:
  People cling to capitalism and economic growth, desiring the status quo; the capitalism is an endless system destined to develop markets for value multiplication and capital accumulation; then super-rich consider the environment is as a business opportunity to gain more wealth than they already have. The state tries to protect the interest of the privileged and to crack down hard on the environmentally weak who threaten its order.
  
• >Top ② Stare of barbarism:
  The climate change will lead to increase of environment refugees, decrease of food availability, causing the revolt of the 99% mass against the 1% super-rich; finally resulting the collapse of the state system of governance; advent of natural stare of Hobbesian struggle of all against all.
• ③ Climate Maoism:
  The 99% poor wins against the 1% super-rich and top-down climate change measure will be implemented. The creation of a centralized dictatorship promotes efficient and egalitarian climate change measures.
• ④ The State of X:
  Without creation a strong state, people pursue democratic precesses to aim mutual aid and voluntary challenges against the climate crisis. This state is called X.
• Japanese unique situation:
  • Degrowth (=Baby boomers) vs. Economic Growth (=Ice Age Generation)
  • The new global degrowth theory does not attract much attention, while the leftist liberals in Japan does not recognise that the climate change is getting worse.
  • The ice age generation tends to support anti-austerity, reflationary policies, and MMT.
• Joseeph E. Stiglitz (vs. Slavoj Zizek):
  • argues to realize a fair capitalism society, to correct uneven distribution of wealth to criticize market domination by large corporations, to raise wages for workers, to tax wealthy large corporations, and to strengthen antitrust laws.
    • postwar to 1970s: was it the right capitalism?
    • to imagine degrowth capitalism (=to draw a round triangle).
    • in the zero-sum game, more social fragmentation will be promoted by wage devaluation, informal employment, and exploitative (=black) enterprises.

3. 資本主義システムでの脱成長を撃つ:

• 2018:Kate Raworth:ドーナツ経済,
  • 地球の生態学的限界の中で、どのレベルまでの経済発展であれば、人類全体の繁栄が可能か
  • ドーナツ経済:
  • 
    • 内縁が社会的な土台: 水、所得、教育など自由に生きるための物質的条件
    • 外縁は環境的な土台: 将来世代の反映のために持続可能性のための環境的な上限 (=Planetary boundary)
    • ほとんどの国は、持続可能性を犠牲にすることで社会的欲求を満たしている。
  • 先進国をモデルににた途上国の開発援助を行うと、地球全体として破滅の道を歩むことになる。
    • 実際には、総供給カロリー1%を増やすだけで850M人の飢餓を救える。
    • 電力が利用できない人工は13億人だが、彼らに電気を供給してもCO2排出は1%増加するだけ。
    • 1.25ドル/日以下で暮らす14億人の貧困を終わらせるには、世界の所得の0.2%を分配すれば足りる。
  • 一方、あるレベルを超えると、経済成長と生活向上との相関関係が見られなくなる。
    • 生産と分配をどう組織すべきかで、社会の繁栄は変わる。
    • 世界全体が持続可能でなければ、地球全体が住めない環境になってしまう。(Cf. Pandemic)
    • 先進国は、脱成長・定常型経済への移行を積極的に検討すべき。
    • 自分自身が生き延びるためにも、より公正で持続可能な社会を志向する必要がある。
• ４つの未来の選択肢;
  • X軸: 平等 ⇔ 不平等
  • Y軸: 権力強い ⇔ 権力弱い

  ③気候毛沢東主義	①気候Facism
  ④X状態	②野蛮状態

  • ①気候Facism:
    人々は現状維持を強く望み、資本主義と経済成長にしがみつく; 資本主義は価値増殖と資本蓄積のために市場を絶えず開拓していく際限のないシステムである;
    • 一部の超富裕層は、環境危機を商機と捉え、今以上の富を得る。
    • 国家は、特権階級の利益を守ろうとし、その秩序を脅かす環境弱者を厳しく取り締まる。
  • ②野蛮状態:
    気候変動の進行によって環境難民が増え、食料生産がままならなくなる。1%の超富裕層に対する99%大衆の反乱によって後者が勝利し、強権的統治体制の崩壊する。統治機構への信頼が失われ、万人の万人に対する闘争というホッボズの自然状態となる。
  • ③気候毛沢東主義:
    １％対99%の貧富の欠く際を是正し、トップダウン型の気候変動対策をすることになる。中央集権的な独裁国家誕生し、効率の良い平等主義的気候変動対策を進める
  • ④X:
    強い国家に依存せずに、人々が民主主義的な相互扶助の実施、自発的に気候危機に取り組む持続可能な未来社会が実現する。この名称をXとする。
• 日本の特殊事情:
  • 脱成長(=団塊世代)vs. 経済成長(=氷河期世代)
  • 日本では、世界の新しい脱成長論が注目されていない。
  • 日本の左派Liberalismは、気候変動が深刻化していることを直視していない。
  • 氷河期世代は、反緊縮財政、リフレ政策、MMTを支持する傾向にある。
• Josheph E. Stiglitz (vs. Slavoj Zizek)
  • Stiglitz: 公正な資本主義社会の実現; 富の偏在、大企業による市場支配を批判; 労働者賃上げ、富裕層大企業への課税、独占禁止法強化
    • 戦後〜19870年代まで: 「正しい」資本主義か
    • 脱成長資本主義は、空想主義 (＝丸い三角形を描くこと)
    • Zero-sum gameの中では、賃金切り下げ、非正規雇用化、Black企業化→社会的分断が進行

>Top 4. Marks in Anthoropocene:

• The Third Way "Commons":
  • Nether US-style Neoliberalism, nor USSR-style nationalization
  • Public goods should be democratically governed, such as water, electricity, housing, health care, education, etc.
  • Four category of Commons: covers 1) culture, 2) external nature, 3) internal nature, 4) human being
  • Commons composed of knowledge, natural environment, human right will constitute new communism, or association.
  • >Top New Das Capital Theory: MEGA (Marks-Engels-Geamtausgabe (=complete edition))
    • the idea comes from the late Marks, unfinished edition of Das Capital, which was to be published after 1868.
    • Mark's Progressive View of History; was backed by productivism, and Europe-centrism
    • Red and Green have been long considered incompatible.
  • However, 'material metabolism' in Das Capital means natural metabolism; emphasize external environment.
    • Labor: is human characteristic activities which control and mediate material metabolism of humans and nature.
    • Das Capital warned that capitalism would undermine the conditions of sustainable production (i.e., derangements or cracks in material metabolism)
    • Unrestricted pursuit of profit by capital means progress in technology for exploitation.
  • 1868-1883 K. Marks, wrote little, studied critique of capitalism through studying ecology and community including geology, botany, chemistry, mineralogy, deforestation, fossil fuel overspending, species extinction.
    • recognized that human activities have caused the extinction of many species.
    • discerned that capitalism deepens cracks in material metabolism and shift them externally on global basis through pursuing technological innovation; finally capitalism will no longer be viable (birth of Eco-Socialism)
    • >Top Breaking away from the Productivity Supremacy; which may contradict with the Progressive View of History, also may reconsider Euro-centrism.
  • Das Capital, Vol.1; "The more developed industrial countries shows the future vision of the less developed countries; is this theory applicable to the case of Russia?, then Russia have to aim for modernization under capitalism."
    • Instead, Marks insisted that Russia does not need to destroy the remaining community to aim modernization; such community will be an important base of resistance against capitalism which is about to swallow up the whole world.
    • The Communist Manifesto (Preface to the 2nd Russian Edition); states that the communal ownership of land in current Russia can be a starting point for communistic development ...; (A multilinear view of history)
    • In late 1950s, Marks clarified his anti-colonialist position, and studied Markgenossenschaft (Mark community) of Germanic people:
      • Communal regulation covers; joint ownership of land, regulation of production methods, prohibition of trade of goods with outside, such as timber, pigs, wine, etc.; which aims sustainable agriculture, or maintaining circulation of land nutrients.
      • Egalitarians' way of life of Germanic people; adopted lottery system of land use to prohibit proprietary use of fertile land, or uneven distribution of wealth.
      • Convinced that social equality and social sustainability are closely linked.
      • Such farming community has survived through the Middle Age.
    • >Top Late Marks convinced that what capitalism brings is not a progress toward communism, but an irreversible destruction of natural environment and devastation of society.

    • Year	Key concept	Economic growth	Sustainability
      1840s-50s	Productivity Supremacy (Communist Manifesto)	◯	☓
      1860s	Eco-Socialism (Das Capital 1st Ed.)	◯	◯
      1870s-80s	Degrowth Communism (Critique of the Gotha Program)	☓	◯

    • Critique of the Gotah Platform of 1875: states "each according to his ability, and each according to his need..." Communism was interpreted to solve unequal distribution through unlimited productivity and unlimited abundance.
      Capitalism is "in a state of struggle with science."
      • Rational agriculture to overcome the crisis caused by the capitalism should be based on the knowledge of natural science. (Here the science means ecological science).
      • The stability of a communal society without economic growth has organized a sustainable, equal human and natural material metabolism.
        (Here this means equal sustainable, degrowth economy.)
      • [Cf: This part can be rewritten in 2021:
        The stability of a society without pandemic infection has organized a sustainable, human and virus coexisting biosphere; where weakly mutated virus sometimes infecting humans, who occasionally catch a cold but rarely become fatal.]
    • Marks' ideological transition:
      • 1840s-50s: based on supremacy of productivity; wrote Communist Manifest, Review on India.
      • 1860s: based on Eco-socialism; wrote Das Capital, Vol.1
      • 1870s-80s: based on degrowth communism; wrote Critique of the Gotha Platform, and letter to Zasuriqi (Engles could not understand)
        • Critique of the Gouda Platform:
          Emphasis on cooperative wealth (der genossenshaftliche Reichthum) in the future society instead of individualistic production aiming to increase money and private property.
        • Marks' last years' critique of capitalism: attained a theory of degrowth communism, as a continuation of unfinished capital theory.

4. 人新世のマルクス:

• 第三の道 "Commons" (=共):
  • 米国型新自由主義でも、ソ連型国有化でもなく
  • 水、電力、住居、医療、教育などを公共財として民主主義的に管理
  • ４つのCommons: 1) 文化、2) 外的自然、3) 内的自然、4) 人間
  • 知識、自然環境、人権、社会のcommons=communism=association
  • Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe: MEGA: 新しい資本論
    • 晩期Marxから学ぶ; 資本論の未完部分;
      1868年以降の第１巻の続巻として
    • Marxの進歩史観=生産力至上主義+Europe中心主義
    • 緑と赤は相容れないとされてきた。
  • しかし」資本論の「物質代謝論」=自然的物質代謝、いわば外部環境重視の思想
    • 労働＝人間と自然の物質代謝を制御媒介する人間に特徴的な活動
    • 資本論は、資本主義が持続可能な生産条件を掘り崩す(物質代謝の錯乱や亀裂)ことに警鐘を鳴らした」
    • 無制限な資本の利潤追求＝略奪する技術における進歩
  • Marxは、1968-1883 (15年間)ほとんど著作せず、ecology研究と共同体研究を通じて資本主義批判を研究 (地質学、植物学、化学、鉱物学など); 森林伐採、化石燃料乱費、種の絶滅
    • 人間の活動が多くの生物種を絶滅させてきた
    • 資本主義は技術革新によって、物質代謝の亀裂を様々に外部転嫁しながら世界規模で深めていく。最終的には資本主義も存続できなくなる (Eco-Socialism)
    • 生産力至上主義からの決別＝進歩史観をも揺るがす
    • また生産力至上主義からの決別→欧州中心主義の見直し
• 資本論第1巻: "産業のより発展した国は、発達の遅れた国に対して、他ならぬその国自身の未来の姿を示している。"；これはロシアに当てはまるか。ロシアは資本主義の下での近代化を目指さなくてはならないのか。
  • Marksの見解」は、近代化を推し進めることで、ロシアに残っている共同体を破壊してしまう必要はない; これらの共同体が拡張を続けて世界中を飲み込もうとする資本主義に対する抵抗の重要な拠点になる。
  • 共産党宣言 (ロシア語第二版への序文); ...現在のロシアにおける土地の共同所有はCommunism的発展の出発点となることができる; 複線的な歴史観
  • 1850年代後半には、反植民地主義の立場を明確化し、ゲルマン民族の"マルク共同体"(Markgenossenschaft)を研究;
    • 共同体的規制; 土地の共同所有、生産方法の規制、生産物(木材、豚、ワイン等)共同体の外部との売買禁止; →土地養分の循環維持=持続可能な農業
    • 土地の利用にくじ引きを導入→肥沃な土地の専有・富の偏在禁止; ゲルマン民族の平等主義
    • 社会的平等と持続可能性とは密接に関連していることを確信
    • 農耕共同体は、中世を生き抜いて存続した。
  • 後期Marksの確信: 資本主義がもたらすものは、Communismに向けて進歩ではなく、不可可逆的な自然環境の破壊と社会の荒廃である。
  • 1875 年ゴータ綱領批判: "各人はその能力に応じて、各人にはその必要に応じて.."というCommunismも無限の生産力と無限の潤沢さによって不平等な分配を解決するように解釈された。; 資本主義が"科学との闘争状態にある"
    • 資本主義のもたらす危機を乗り越えるための自然科学の知見に基づきた合理的農業;
      →地球をCommonsとして持続可能に管理すること
    • 経済成長しない共同体社会の安定性が、持続可能で、平等な人間と自然の物質代謝を組織していた。→平等で持続可能な脱成長型経済
    • [注: この部分は、2021年には以下に書換が可能:
      Pandemicのない社会の安定性が、持続可能で、人間とVirusとの共存する生命圏を組織した。Virusは時々人間に感染し、人間は時々風邪をひくが、致命的症状になることはほとんどない。]
• Marksの思想変遷:
  • 1840-50年代: 生産力至上主義; 共産党宣言、インド評論
  • 1860年代; エコ社会主義: 資本論第1巻
  • 1870-80年代: 脱成長Communism; ゴータ綱領批判、ザスーリチ宛の手紙; Englesも理解できなかった
  • ゴーダ綱領批判:
    貨幣や私有財産を増やすことを目指す個人主義的な生産から、将来社会においては協同的富 (der genossenshaftliche Reichthum)を重視。
• Marksの最晩年の資本主義批判の洞察; 未完の資本論としての脱成長Communismの理論化を引き継ぐ

>Top 5. Escapism named accelerationism:

• Das Capital in Anthropocene:
  • Left Accelerationism vs. Degrowth Communism
  • Aaron Bastani: "Fully Automated Luxury Communism"
  • The whole society is emcompassed by capital, and conception and execution are dismantled; each work scenes were divided and streamlined, and labors became only attachment of machines.
    • Decision-makers are a handful specialist and politicians.
  • Geo-engineering; which is an idea to artificially intervene the earth environment to make cool; such as spraying sulfuric acid aerosol in the stratosphere, installing mirrors to reflect sunlight, or mass production of plant plankton by fertilizing the ocean; all of which cause to shift the environmental burden to the outside, and to deepen the crack in material metabolism.
    • Two kind of technologies; open technology such as collaboration or communication technology, and closed technology such as nuclear power plant.
    • We should aim abundance through degrowth, not through economic growth.

5. 加速主義という現実逃避:

• 人新世の資本論:
  • 左派加速主義 (Left Accelerationism) vs. 脱成長型Communism
  • Aaron Bastani: "Fully Automated Luxuary Communism"は、加速主義の典型
  • 社会全体が、資本に包摂された結果、'構想'と'実行'が解体された; 各作業光景を細分化して効率化; 職人の代わりの労働者は、資本の命令を'実行するだけ'; 労働者は機械の付属品となる。
    • 意志決定権をもつのは、一握りの専門家と政治家
• Geo-engineeringの考え:
  地球システムに技術的介入して地球を冷却化する方法; 例: 成層圏に硫酸aerosol散布、太陽光を反射する鏡設置; 海洋の肥沃化による植物plankton大量発生; 環境負荷を外部に転嫁し、物質代謝の亀裂が深まる
  • 開放的技術: 協業, Communication技術
  • 閉鎖的技術; Topdown型技術 (原発など)
  • 経済成長による潤沢さではなく脱成長による潤沢さ

>Top 6. Capitalism causes scarcity, communism abundance:

• Capitalism will not bring abundance; for example, land or real estate in big cities is traded for speculation:
• Das Capital Vol.1: states "Theory of intrinsic accumulation"
  • In 16C, or 18C in UK; enclosure movement promoted capitalism.
  • Intrinsic accumulation is the processes to dismantle abundance in the Commons and to increase artificial scarcity.
    • Gathering additivities in the Commons became trespassing or theft, causing land to become desolate, farming and cattle ranching declined, and people to becomes wage laborers in the cities; thus capitalism took off.
  • Capitalism eliminates abundance like free water and become more dependent on scarce resources like coal, which are transportable and monopolized energy, enabling to shift factories along riverside to urban areas, which enforcing large number of people controlled under the capital as wage labors.
  • >Top Earl of Lauderdale's paradox: there is an inverse correlation between public wealth and private wealth.
    • Criticism against Adam Smith' idea that the national wealth is the sum of private wealth.
    • Cultivation of tobacco and vineyards were restricted in order to maintain those prices (artificially made scarcity of commodities)
  • K. Marks explained that the conflict is between use value and commodity value.
    • Commons are use value for all.
    • Not so much the tragedy of the Commons as the tragedy of the commodity.
    • Power of debt: functions as disciplinary power enforcing long hours working during long period of time, causing overproduction.
    • Relative scarcity is created by branding and advertising: products with no difference in use vale are transformed into attractive product by adding novelty through branding. Thus branding creates relative scarcity; causing endless competition.
    • Advertising industry is the 3rd largest industry after food and energy.
    • Packaging cost shares 10-40% of the product price, or 300% in case of cosmetics.
  • Rebuilding the Commons is a way to restore abundance.
    • Renewable energy is easy to start and manageable at relatively lost. suitable for Citizen Power as an open technology.
    • In a market economy, renewable energy is unlikely to create scarcity, which makes corporate participation slow to participate.
    • In Japan, after the Fukushima nuclear plant accident, active challenges are observed of locally produced & locally consumed power generation, such as solar power generation on abandoned farmland in rural areas.
    • Workers' Coop (Genossenschaft); funded and managed by workers themselves as social ownership.
      • Cf: In a welfare state, production relations are unchanged. But regarding in profit distribution, more profits can returned to the society through income tax and corporate tax. While labor unions accept inclusion by capital, and cooperate with it.
      • In US, Workers' Coop are developing in such fields as housing, energy food, cleaning. However, they are exposed to the competition in the capitalist market.
  • Realm of necessity and Realm of freedom:
    • Realm of necessity: activities of production and consumption necessary for living.
    • Realm of freedom: activities which are inherently human such as art, culture, friendship, love, sports, etc.
    • Age of climate crisis: activities of self-restraint are important to avoid damaging the autonomy of future generations.

6. 欠乏の資本主義、潤沢なCommunism:

• 豊かさをもたらすのは資本主義ではない
  • 土地: 大都市の不動産価格; 投機対象として売買
• 資本論第一巻の"本源的蓄積論"
  • 16C, 18C、英国のEnclosure; 放牧地の囲い込みが資本主義の離陸となった。
  • 本源的蓄積=資本のCommonsの潤沢さを解体し、人工的希少性を増大させていく過程
    • Commonsでの採取活動は、不法侵入や窃盗行為となり、土地は荒れ果て、農耕も牧畜も衰退; 都市に賃労働者となり、資本主義が離陸。
  • 資本主義は、潤沢なもの (無償の水)を排除し、希少な資源 (有償の石炭)に依存ようになる; 化石エネルギーは、輸送可能で排他的独占が可能なenergy; 水車から蒸気機関への以降は、工場を川沿いから都市部へ移動; 都市部では労働者が大量にいるので、資本側が優位に立つ。
  • Lauderdale's Paradox: "私財 (private riches)の増大は、公富 (public wealth)の減少によって生じる"
    • Adam Smithの"私富の合計＝国富"という考えに対する批判
    • 価格 (商品の希少性)を維持するためにタバコやぶどう畑の耕作を制限して、人工的希少性を維持。
  • Marksは、使用価値と、商品価値の対立で説明。
    • Commonsは万人にとっての使用価値
    • Commonsの悲劇というより商品の悲劇
    • 負債という権力: 住宅ローンなど長期に亘る規律権力として長時間労働。過剰生産につながる。
  • ブランド化と広告が生む相対的希少性:
    • 使用価値 (有用性)に違いのない商品にブランド化によって新規性を付け加えて、魅力的な商品に変貌する; ブランド化＝相対的希少性を作り出す; 終わりなき競争
    • 広告産業: 食料、エネルギーに次ぐ第3の産業
    • 商品価格に占めるPackaging費用10-40%、化粧品の場合は300%
  • 潤沢さを回復するための方法がCommonsの再建:
    • 再生可能エネルギーは、比較的廉価に発電を開始･管理できる (開放的技術): 市民電力
    • 市場経済下では、再生可能エネルギーは希少性を作り出しにくい; 企業参加は遅々として進まない。
    • 日本でも福島原発事故以降、地方で耕作放棄地などでの太陽光発電など地産地消の発電事例がでてきた。
  • Workers' Coop (労働者協同組合, Genossenschaft); 労働者自身が出資し経営する; 社会的所有
    • Cf: 福祉国家は、生産関係は不変。但し、利潤分配では、所得税･法人税を通じ社会に還元。一方で、労働組合は、資本による包摂を受け入れて資本の協力。
    • 米国でもWorkers' Coopが発展; 住宅、エネルギー、食料、清掃など; 但し、資本主義市場での競争に晒される。
• 必然の領域と自由の領域:
  • 必然の領域: 生きていくのに必要な生産･消費活動領域
  • 自由の領域: 人間らしい活動領域; 芸術･文化･友情･愛情･スポーツ
  • 気候危機の時代: 将来世代の自律性を毀損しないためには自己抑制が重要。

>Top 7. Degrowth Communism will save the world:

• Once-in-a-century Virus Pandemic:
  • Global scale development and destruction prioritizing economic development is the root cause;
  • Human global activities such as endless deforestation, large-scale agriculture, and destruction of natural ecosystems has promoted viral mutation, and expansion of pandemic.
  • Climate change and corona virus scourge look similar; the longer we delay action, the greater the economic loss.
  • Particularly since 1980s, Neoliberalism has replaced the relationship of mutual aid with the that of money and commodities.
  • If the crisis really deepens, even a strong state will not be able to function
    • ① Climate Facism to ② State of Barbarism (Struggle of all against all)
    • Eg: Pharmaceutical giants in developed countries thoroughly focus
      on R&D of profitable drugs such as antibiotics and anti-viral drugs. (or tranquilizers, ED, erectile dysfunction).
    • In other words, capitalism that emphasizes product value (profitable drugs) and disdains use value (vaccines).
• >Top Thomas Piketty: 'Das Capital in 21C'
  • 2019: argues in Capital and ideology for "participatory socialism" rather than "tame capitalism
    • emphasized 'New social ownership'; eventually turns to socialism
    • Emphasis on the importance of 'autonomous management autogestion' and 'co-management cogestion' of production by workers.
    • In the face of climate crisis, capitalism cannot protect democracy. In order to protect democracy, we need 'socialism' that goes beyond mere redistribution.
    • Social Democrats became the wealthy-oriented party of intelligence; Brahmin Left; thus Liberal Left has allowed the rise of right-wing populism.
    • However, degrowth policy is not explicitly prepared.
• >Top It is deaccelerationism, not accelerationism, that is revolutionary.
• It is a shift from mass production and mass consumption to an economy that emphasizes use value.
• When the pandemic spread, Japan could not even produce its essential masks, due to overseas transfer at the expense of use value.
• We have no choice but to accept the loss of productivity due to CO2 reduction (called 'emissions trap'); meaningless work that does not produce use value should be reduced; or, liberation from labor by improving productivity is impossible in a decarbonized society.
• Inclusion of labor through automation has spurred more simplification of labor, causing the spread of more boring and meaningless labor.
• Even the existing de-growth camp has the idea that automation could shorten the working hours, which would be endurable in hard times.
• Marks pursued that labor should be an opportunity for creativity and individual self-realization, advocating the design of production sites where people could engage in many kinds of works by abolishing divided and simplified labor.
• The goal is to aim open technology (such as communication, collaboration, technology that promotes interaction with other companies).
• Slowing down of decision making:
  
  • Social ownership of the means of production as commons means democratic decision making, which usually takes time to attain consensus. (In contrast, the Soviet Union adopted this as a bureaucracy-led dictatorship.)
  • Monopolies of intellectual property rights and platform monopolies should be prohibited.
  • Knowledge and information should be the commons of the entire society.
• Use of AI and robot:
  
• The economy will slow down in societies which emphasize labor-intensive industries requiring human labor (e.g., care work).
• Utilization of AI and Robot is difficult in the fields with any irregular task (called emotional labor).
• 'Bullshit jobs' which produce little value for use; in capitalism such jobs as marketing, advertisement, consulting, finance and insurance are high-paid jobs, while essential works which produce value for use are rather low-paid jobs and in constant shortage.
• Resistance by essential worker; revolt of caring class is observe such as childcare workers, medical field, teachers, care workers.
• Cases of cooperating type of self-management of childcare workers and consumers (parents)
• Various movements as the seeds of degrowth communism.
• >Top Cases of 'Buen Vivir':
• 2008 Constitutional amendment in Ecuador.
• GNH (Grows National Happiness) in Butan
• Opposition of the oil pipeline construction in Standing Rock, US, collaboration with local indigenous peoples.

7. 脱成長Communismが世界を救う:

• 100年に一度のVirus Pandemic:
  • 経済成長を優先した地球規模での開発と破壊がその原因
  • 森林破壊、大規模農業、自然生態系の破壊;→Virusの変異促進;
    人間のGlobal化によるPandemic拡大
  • 気候変動とコロナ渦は似ている; 対策が遅れるとより大きな経済損失を生じる。
  • 特に1980年代以降の新自由主義は、相互扶助の関係性を、貨幣･商品関係に置き換えてきた。
  • 危機が本当に深まると強い国家さえ機能しなくなる;
    • ①気候Facismから②の野蛮状態 (万人の万人に対する闘争)
    • 先進国の製薬大企業は、抗生物質や抗Virus薬など儲かる薬の開発に特化したR&Dに徹底していた。(精神安定剤やED, erectile dysfucntionなど)
    • 即ち、商品価値 (儲かる薬)を重視し、使用価値 (ワクチン)を蔑ろにする資本主義
• Thomas Piketty: 21世紀の資本 (Das Capital in 21C)
  • 2019: 資本とideologyの論調では、"飼いならされた資本主義"ではなく、"参加型社会主義"を指向
    • 新しい社会所有; 社会主義への転向
    • 労働者による生産を'自治管理 autogestion'、'共同管理 cogestion'することの重要性強調
    • 気候危機に直面すると、資本主義では民主主義を守れない。民主主義を守るためには、単なる再分配にとどまらない’社会主義’が必要
    • 社民政党がインテリジェンスの富裕層重視政党化; バラモン左翼; リベラル左翼が右派populismの台頭を許した。
    • 但し、脱成長は明示的には受け入れていない。
• 加速主義 (accelerationism)ではなく減速主義 (deaccelerationism)こそが革命的である。使用価値を重視した経済に転換して大量生産･大量消費から脱却する。
  • Pandemic発生時に、日本は必須のマスクすら自国生産できなかった; 使用価値を犠牲にした海外移転の結果。
• CO2削減による生産力低下 (排出の罠, Emissions trap)を受け入れるしかない; 使用価値を産まない意味のない仕事を削減すべき; 生産力の向上で労働からの解放実現は、脱炭素社会では無理。
  • Automation化による労働の包摂が、労働の単純化に拍車をかけ、一層退屈で無意味な労働が蔓延する。
  • 既存の脱成長派でも、Automation化で、労働時間を短くして辛くても耐え忍ぼうとする考えがある。
  • Marksは、"労働は、創造性や個人の自己実現の契機"となることを目指していた。分業の廃止によって多種多用な労働に従事できる生産現場の設計を提唱した。
  • 開放的技術 (Communication、協業、他社との交流を促進する技術) を目指す。
• 意思決定の減速:
  
  • 生産手段をCommonsとして社会的所有にすると、民主的に意思決定することになり、意見調整に時間がかかる。(これに対し、ソ連は官僚主導の独裁国家を採用した。)
• 知的財産権やPlatformの独占は禁止される。
• 知識は情報は、社会全体のCommonsとすべき
• AI化･ロボット化:
  • 人間が労働しなければいけない労働集約型産業 (ケア労働など）を重視する社会では経済が減速する。
  • Irregularな作業が多い分野 (感情労働)のAI･ロボット化は対応困難
  • Bullshit Job: 使用価値をほとんど生み出さない仕事; Marketing, Advertisement, Consulting, 金融･保険分野が、資本主義では、高給で、使用価値を生み出す労働 (Essential Work)がむしろ低賃金で恒常的な人手不足
• Essential Workerの抵抗: 保育士、医療現場、教員、介護スト; ケア階級の叛逆 (revolt of the caring classes)
• 労働者(保育士)が消費者(保護者)と連帯することで、協同組合型の自主運営が可能となる事例
• 脱成長Communismの萌芽を秘めている運動
• Buen Vivir (良く生きる)の事例:
  • 2008 Ecuadorの憲法改正
  • ButanのGNH (Gross National Happiness)
  • 米国Standing Rockでの先住民と連携した石油pipeline建設反対運動

>Top 8. The Leverage of Climate Justice:

• Late Marks argued:
  • We should neither abandon urban life and technology, nor return to agrarian communities.
  • There are lots of things to be valued in cities and technologies.
  • But, the life consuming massive energy and wasting resources cannot be sustainable (the state is over-urbanization; cities emit 70% of CO2)
• >Top Fearless City:
• This is a city that acts on behalf of its residents without fearing the state or global enterprises.
• It actively works to reduce CO2 emissions, promote local product and local consumption including electricity, food, local public transportation as well as limiting use of cars and airplanes, and recycling of waste.
• Coalition of local political parties; such as Barcelona en Comu (Barcelona in Commons) movement, where the issue of climate change brought together disparate challenges.
• Movement of Municipalism: say clearer 'No' to the global capitalism and Neoliberalism.
  • 1993 'La Via Campesina' (the Peasants Way); international farmers organization, aiming to recover rights of peasants, food sovereignty, and right to seeds against globalized capitalism and Neoliberalism, aiming revival of traditional agriculture with low environmental impact.
  • Opposition to the priority of export agriculture to the advanced countries, and the situation where information of seeds and fertiliser is monopolized.
  • 2015, South African Food Sovereignty Campaign; movement to reclaim autonomous commons
  • 'We Can't Breath!' movement; opposition to Fischer-Troosch Process, a Nazi-era developed technology to produce artificial oil from coal, with emitting twice of CO2.
• These movements will open up new possibilities for international solidarity from the lessons of Global South; abandoning economic growth and supremacy of productive forces, and pursuing a social vision that emphasizes use values.
• Renewal of economic, political, and environmental Trinity-like reforms are important:
• horizontal co-management of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership or state ownership, will be the basis for communism.
• Synergy effect of the renewals of economy, politics, and environment can overcome capitalism, through the processes of renewing democracy, and decarbonizing society
• Society will change drastically when 3.5% of the population rises up.
  

8. 気候正義 (Climate Justice) という梃子:

• 晩年Marksの主張:
  • 都市生活や技術を捨てて農耕共同社会へ回帰するのではない。
  • 都市にも技術にも評価すべき点は沢山ある。
  • しかし大量Energyと資源浪費の生活は持続可能ではない (都市化の行き過ぎ状態; 都市はCO2の70%排出)
• Fearless City, 恐れを知らない都市):
  • Fearless cityとは、国家やグローバル企業に対しても、恐れずに住民のために行動する都市のこと。
  • CO2削減、電力･食料の地産地消、公共交通機関拡充、自動車･飛行機の制限、ゴミ･リサイクルなどに積極的に取り組む。
  • 地域政党連合; Barcelona en Comu (Barcelona in Commons)の運動; 気候変動問題が、各々のばらばらな取組みを結びつけた。
  • Municipalism (地方自治主義)の動き:
    グローバル資本主義、新自由主義に対して'No'を突きつける。
    • 1993, Via Campesina, 農民の道: Global Southによる食料主権の要求；環境負荷の低い伝統的農業の復活
    • 先進国向けの輸出農業優先、種子･肥料の情報が独占されている状況に対する反発
    • 2015, South African Food Sovereignty Campaign, 南ア食料主権運動; 自律的なCommonsを取り戻す運動
    • 'We Can't Breathe!'運動; ナチス時代のFischer-Tropsch Process, 石炭から人造石油生成技術、但し、CO2排出２倍
  • これらの運動は、Global Southの教訓から新たな国際連帯の可能性を切り拓く; 経済成長と生産力至上主義を捨てて、使用価値を重視する社会Visionを追求する。
• 経済、政治、環境の三位一体の刷新が重要:
  • 私的所有や国有とは異なる生産手段の水平的な共同管理こそがCommunismの基礎になる。
  • 資本主義の超克、民主主義の刷新、社会の脱炭素化による経済、政治、環境のSynergy効果
  • 人口の3.5%が立ち上がると社会が大きく変わる

>Top 9. xxxx:

9. xxxx:

Comment

• This book is Environmental Manifesto for Degrowth rather than Communist Manifest in the Anthorpocene.
• Since the target of zero-growth seems to have no dream, what about Environmental Manifesto for Degrowth lasting century or millennium.
• The limit of capitalism, the goal of degrowth, and the realization of a sustainable society can be realized step by step, over time like an asymptotic approach to zero growth.
  • Left 1.0: aimed big government, growing productionism, based on labor-class
  • Left 2.0: aimed ecologism, diverse citizen movements, and coexistence with diversity
  • Let 3.0: aims green new deal, shit to decarbonized industrial structure, sustainable degrowthnism.

• この本は、人新世の共産党宣言というより脱成長の環境宣言である。
• 成長ゼロはいかにも夢がないので、低成長で百年もたせる環境宣言はどうだろうか？それでも時々ウイルスや自然災害があるので千年位は持続的になると思う。
• 資本主義の限界も脱成長も持続可能社会の実現も、時間をかけて、一歩ずつ実現に向かって進めていくしかないのではないか。いわばゼロ成長への漸近線的アプローチのように
  • レフト1.0: 大きな政府、成長主義、労働者階級中心
  • レフト2.0: 環境主義、多用者市民運動、多様性との共存
  • レフト3.0: グリーン・ニューディール、脱炭素産業構造へのシフト、持続可能な反成長主義