The Naked Ape The controversial classic of man's origins	Cat: SCI Pub: 1967 #: 1006b
	Desmond Morris	07201u/18212r

Title	The Naked Ape	裸のサル
Index	Introduction: Origins: Sex: Rearing: Exploration: Fighting: Feeding: Comfort: Animals:	序: 起源: 性: 育児: 探索: 闘い: 食事: 慰安: 動物たち:
Tag	; 193 species; 3D vision; Anthropomorphic; Behavior of loser; Body surface; Close-knit community; Displacement activity; Donning new; Exogamy; ; Fertilization; Flavour; Gestation; Good color vision; ; Graphic discovery; Ground ape; Heart-beat ; Insect-eater; Nomadic mammal; Plant-eater; Losing hair coat; Imitation; Intra-specific aggression; Laughing; Lie; Long-term picture; Neoteny; Neophilia-neophobia; ; Over-protected; Pair bond; Overweight; Parasympathetic; Percussive drumming; Play rules; Prolonged childhood; Reasons for fight; Religion; Sexual signal; Sharp-toothed killer; Social withdrawal; Simulating signal; Sleeping; Sweet-tooth; Sympathetic; Unarmed mammal; Walking; Words; Writing; ;
Why?	There was very impressive series of films called 'Planet of apes.' This status of this not very clever spices of Homo Sapiens could be replaced by that of other species of apes or other animals in the future?	"猿の惑星"という名のシリーズの印象的な映画があった。 この非常に賢いとは言えない人類というサルの地位は、将来、その役割を他の種のサルか、または他の動物に替えられてしまうのか?

Key phrase

キーフレーズ

>Top 0. Introduction: There are 193 living species of monkeys and apes. 192 of them are covered with hair. The exception is a naked ape self-named Homo sapiens. He is proud that he has the biggest brain of all the primates, but attempts to conceal the fact that he also has the biggest penis. He is an intensely vocal, acutely exploratory over-crowded ape. I am a zoologist and the naked ape is an animal. His old impulses have been with him for millions of years, his new ones only a few thousand at the most. He would be a far less worried and more fulfilled animal if only he would face up to this fact.

0. 序: 世界には193種のサルとヒトニザルがいる。その内192種には体毛で覆われている。唯一例外なのは、ホモサピエンスという種のサルである。 霊長類の中で最大の脳を持つことは誇っているが、ペニスもまた最大であることを隠したがる。 私は動物学者であり、裸のサルは動物である。 彼の古い衝動は数百万年も伴ってきたが、新しい方はせいぜい数千年しか経っていない。この事実を直視すれば、彼はずっと苦労なく充実した動物になれるだろう。

>Top 1. Origins: Naked ape: very few of the 4,237 species in existence have seen fit to abandon it. Domain (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)> Kingdom> Phylum> Class> Order> Family> Genus> Species The temperature -controlling devices are of vital importance. If the hair has to go, then clearly there must be a very powerful reason for abolishing it. >Top Early mammals: Little insect-eaters (Insectvore): small, insignificant creatures, scuttling nervously around in the safety of the forests. Some became plant-eaters and burrowed under the ground for safety, or grew long, stilt-like legs with which to flee from their enemies. Other became long-clawed, sharp-toothed killers. As time passed, some of these monkey-like creatures became bigger and heavier. Instead of scampering and leaping they switched to brachiating. >Top 3D vision: The eyes coming forward to the front of the face and the hands developing as food-graspers; manipulating limbs and slowly enlarging brains. In the Old World: Ancestral apes were spreading over a wide forest area from western Africa to south-eastern Asia. Today the remnants of this development can be seen in the African chimpanzees and gorillas and the Asian gibbons and orangutans. 15 million years ago: The ancestral apes were forced to do one of two things: either they had to cling on to what was left of their old forest homes, or they had to face expulsion from the Garden. They threw themselves into competition with the already efficiently adapted ground-dwellers. They had to become either better killer than other old-time carnivores, or better grazers than the old-time herbivores. >Top Last million years ago: The ancestral ground-apes already had large and high-quality brains, good eyes and efficient grasping hands. They had some degree of social organization. Their hands became freed from locomotion duties, strong, efficient weapon-holders. From tool-using to tool-making: the hunting ape already had a much better brain than a wolf and could turn it to such problems as group communication and cooperation. In a mere half-million years: It is an exciting story, but the naked ape is in danger of being dazzled by it all and forgetting that beneath the surface gloss he is still very much a primate. An ape's an ape, a varlet's a varlet, though they be clad in silk or scarlet. >Top Dual personality: We were vegetarians turns carnivores, the panda is a carnivore turned vegetarian. The point is that a major switch of this sort produces an animal with a dual personality. Insufficient time has passed for it to throw off all its old characteristics while it is hurriedly donning the new ones. Lions, tigers and leopards: Their eyes, although poor on static detail and colour, are incredibly responsive to the tiniest movement. They must be able to experience a virtual landscape of odours: the dog's sense of smell at about 100 times better than ours. The cats have specialized as lightening sprinters, the dogs as long-distance runners of great stamina. big cats: massively muscular front armed with huge, dagger-pointed claws. Their digestive system: a wolf can eat one-fifth of its total body weight at one meal. They also developed powerful inhibitions about using their weapons on other members of their own species. Higher primates: >Top They have evolved good colour vision. Their eyes are also better at picking out static details. Hearing is important but less so than for the tracking killers. The sense of taste is more refined. The physique is good for climbing and clambering but not built for high-speed sprinting on the ground, or for lengthy endurance feats. The jaws and teeth are reasonably strong, but nothing like the massive, clamping, crunching apparatus of the carnivore. >Top They can move, flee, rest and sleep together in a close-knit community, with every member keeping an eye on the movements. Travel distance: They travel on the average about a third of a mile a day. Carnivores, by contrast, must frequently travel many miles on a single hunting trip. >Top Carnivores have fleas but primates do not. The eggs take three days to hatch into small, crawling maggots. It is clear from this why a nomadic mammal, such as a monkey or ape, is not troubles by fleas. >Top Neoteny: When the animal is born its brain has already attained 70% of its final adults size. The remaining 30% of growth is quickly completed in the first six months of life. Our own species has at birth a brain which is only 23% of its final adult size. The whole growing process is not complete until about the 23 year of life. Brain-growth continues for about 10 years after we have attained sexual maturity But for the chimpanzee it is completed 6 or 7 years before the animal becomes reproductively active. Longer childhood: He had longer childhood during which he could learn from his parents and other adults. >Top pair-bond: It solved three problems in one stroke: It meant that the females remained bonded to their individual males and faithful to them while they were away on the hunt. With his newly developed and deadly artificial weapons, the hunting ape male was under strong pressure to reduce any source of disharmony within the tribe. The heavy task of rearing and training the slowly developing young demanded a cohesive family unit. >Top Basic animal demand: We will confess that it will take millions of years, and the same genetic process of natural selection that put it there, to change it. Our unbelievably complicated civilizations will be able to prosper only if we design them in such a way that they do not clash with or tend to suppress our basic animal demands. Unfortunately our thinking brain is not always in harmony with our feeling brain. More ingenious theory: Before he became a hunting ape, the original ground ape hat had left the forests went through a long phase as an aquatic ape. There he will have found shellfish and other sea-shore creatures in comparative abundance, a food supply much richer and more attractive than that on the open plains. >Top Losing hair coat: By losing the heavy coat of hair and by increasing the number of sweat glands all over the body surface, considerable cooling could be achieved - not for minute-by-minute living, but for the supreme moments of the chase - with the production of a generous film of evaporating liquid over his air-exposed straining limbs and trunk. The combination of reduced hair, increased sweat glands, and the fatty layer under the skin appears to have given our hard-working ancestors just what they needed, bearing in mind that hunting was one of the most important aspects of their new way of life. The modern naked ape: How does the modern naked ape behave? How doe he tackle the age-old problems of feeding, fighting, mating, and rearing his young? How much has his computer of a brain been able to reorganize his mammalian urges? Perhaps he has had to make more concessions than he likes to admit.

1. 起源: 裸のサル: 現存する4,237種の内、無毛種は極めて稀 ドメイン (真性細菌、古細菌、真核生物)＞界＞門＞綱＞目＞科＞属＞種 温度を調節する機構は、死活問題 毛をなくするには、極めて強力な理由が必要 初期の哺乳類: 小さな食虫目：小型で目立たない生物で、安全な森の中を神経質にちょろちょろ歩く 一部は植物食となり、安全のために地下に潜行。足を敵から逃げられるように竹馬のように長い脚を発達 一部は長い爪と鋭い歯をもつ殺し屋に 時を経て、一部のサルは大型になり重量化。走ったり跳んだりする代わりに腕歩行に転向 ３次元視野: 目は顔の前面に並行、手は食物を掴めるようにあり、四肢をうまく操り、徐々に大脳も大型化 旧大陸: 先祖のサルは、西アフリカから東南アジアの森に広く分布していた。 今日、この発展の残りが、アフリカのチンパンジーやゴリラ、アジアのテナガザルやオラウータンに認められる。 1500万年前: 先祖のサルは、二者択一を迫られ、古い森にしがみつくか、それとも楽園からの追放に直面するか。 すでに十分に適応した地上生活者との競合関係へ 当時の肉食獣より優れた殺し屋になるか、当時の草食獣より優れた草食者になるか 最後の百万年前: 先祖の地上のサルはすでに大きな高性能の大脳、良い目と効率的な物を掴める手を持っていた。 彼らはある程度の社会的な組織を持った。彼らの手は移動のためではなく、効率的に武器を握れるため 道具の利用者から道具の製作者へ: 狩猟をするサルはすでに、オオカミよりもずっと良い脳をを持っており、グループコミュニケーションや協力する能力に変えた。 たかだか50万年の間: それはすばらしい物語。但し、裸のサルは、それらの成功に目がくらみ、一皮むけばまだ霊長類に過ぎないことを忘れる危険性あり 絹を着ようが緋を着ようがサルはサル 二重人格: 我々は草食から肉食に変わり、一方パンダは肉食から草食に変わった。 問題は、この変化によって二重人格を備えるようになった点である。 古い特徴を捨ててしまうには時間が足りず、一方、急速に新たな特徴を獲得 ライオン、トラ、ヒョウ: 彼らの目は、詳細な静視力。色彩は貧弱だが、小さな動きには敏感に反応できる。 嗅覚については、仮想的な風景を体験できるようだ。犬の聴覚は人間の100倍 ネコ類は、電光のようなスプリンター。イヌ類は、耐久力のある長距離ランナー 大型ネコ類：短剣のような爪、頑丈な筋肉質の前足 消化器官：オオカミは自分の体重の1/5もの肉を食べることができる。 また同種の仲間に対しては、その武器を使うことを強烈に抑制 高等霊長類: カラー識別視力を進化。静止している物の詳細を捉えるのに優れている。 聴覚は獲物を追う殺し屋ほどでない 味覚はさらに洗練 体格は、よじ登ったり、這い上ったりは得意。だが、地上での疾走や長距離の追跡用は不得手 顎と歯はかなり丈夫だが、肉食類のように頑丈で、締め付けたり、噛み砕いたりはできない。 緊密な群れを作って移動、逃走、休憩、睡眠し、それぞれの仲間動きを意識 移動距離: 平均して一日500m位の移動距離 対照的に、食肉類は、一回の狩猟には何マイルも移動 肉食類はノミに悩まされるが、霊長類はそうではない。ノミの卵は孵化するのに３日かかってウジ虫になる。従い、サルのような移動性の哺乳類にはノミがつかない。 ネオテニー (幼形成熟): 動物の脳は、誕生時点で、大人の70%完成。残りの30%も生後６ヶ月以内に完成 人類は誕生時には、大人の23%に過ぎない。脳が完成するのは23歳までかかる。脳の成長には、性的に成熟した後も約10年もかかる。 チンパンジーの場合は、性的成熟の6-7年までに完成 長い幼児期: 両親や他の大人から学ぶ時間を長く持つことができた。 つがい結合: 一挙に３つの問題を解決した。 雌は特定の雄との結合を維持し、雄が狩りに出ている間も貞節を守った。 新たに発達させた人工的な武器によって、狩りをする雄サルは仲間の間の不調和の原因を取り除く強い圧力 ゆっくり発達する子供を養育するという重責によって結合した家族単位が必要 基本的な動物的要求: それを変化させるには、何百万年も、遺伝的な自然淘汰に時間がかかる。 我々の複雑な文明は、基本的な動物的な欲求と衝突したり抑圧したりしないようにデザインした時のみ繁栄することができる。 不幸なことに我々の思惟する脳は、我々の感じる脳とはいつも調和するとは限らない。 独創的な説: 狩猟性のサルになる前に、森を離れた地上性のサルは水辺のサルとしての長い期間を過ごしたという。 そこには貝などの海生生物が比較的豊富にあり、開けた草原よりもずっと豊富な食物が見つかった。 毛のコートの喪失: 厚手の毛のコートを失い、身体中の汗腺を増やすことによって、空気中に露出した手足や胴体の表面から蒸発する液体の膜を生じることで相当の冷却効果。それは、刹那的な生活のためでなく、追跡という最重要な瞬間のため 毛の減少、汗腺の増加、皮下脂肪層の増加は、重労働の我々の先祖にとって必要なもの。それは狩りこそが新たな生活にとって最重要な仕事だった・ 現代の裸のサル: 現代の裸のサルはどんな振る舞いをしているのか？摂食、闘争、交尾、育児という古くからの問題にどう取り組んでいるのか？彼の大脳のコンピュータは哺乳類の衝動をどう再編できたのか？自分がやりたいと思う以上に譲歩をせざるを得なかったのではないだろうか？

>Top 2. Sex: Prolonged childhood: During the long, growing years he will have had the chance to develop a deep personal relationship with his parents. The loss of this parental bond with maturation and independence would create a 'relationship void' - a gap that had to be filled. The simplest and most direct method of doing this was to make the shared activities of the pair more complicated and more rewarding. In other words, to make sex sexier. Lips: Like the ear-lobes and the protruding nose, the lips of our species are a unique feature; all primates have lips, but not turned inside-out like ours. A chimpanzee can protrude and turn back its lips in an exaggerated pout: To a chimpanzee we must appear to be in a permanent pout. The exposed, mucous lips evolved a well-defined and characteristic shape. >Top Visual sexual signals: There are a number of other obvious visual sexual signals. In the female there is the rapid growth of the breasts. The body shape also changes, becoming broader at the shoulders in the male and at the pelvis in the female. Sense of smell (olfaction): Our sense of smell has been considerably reduced during evolution, but is reasonably efficient and is more operative during sexual activities. Although we ourselves do not posses any large scent glands, we do have a large number of small ones - the apocrine glands. There are specially high concentrations of them in the regions of the armpits and the genitals. The localized hair-tufts that grow in these areas undoubtedly function as important scent-traps There are 75% more apocrine glands in the female of our species than in the male. >Top Exogamy: Some additional modification to the breeding system is needed here, some kind of exogamy or out-breeding device. Both daughters and the sons will have to find mates of their own. Long-term monogamous mating: The enlarged brain that accompanied the transformation of the simple forest-dweller into a cooperative hunter began to busy itself with technological improvements. But what effect did the acquisition of all this gloss and glitter have on the sexual system of the species? Very little. Behind the façade of modern city life there is the same old naked ape. Only the names have been changed; for hunting read working, for hunting grounds read place of business, for home base read house, for pair-bond read marriage, for mate read wife, and so on.

2. 性: 長い幼児期: 長い成長期の間、子供は両親との深い関係を気づく機会を持つようになる。 子供の成熟と独立に伴って、関係の空隙が生じ、これを埋める必要が出てくる。 最も簡単で直接的に方法はペアによる共同作業をより複雑で報酬の多いものにすること。つまり、セックスともっとセクシーにすることである。 口唇: 耳たぶや突き出た鼻と同様に、我々の種の唇はユニーク。すべての霊長類に唇はあるが、我々のように内側が外にめくれていない。 チンパンジーも、誇張して怒る場合には唇を突き出して裏返しにする。チンパンジーにとっては、我々はいつもふくれっ面をしているように見える。 露出した粘膜状の唇は、輪郭のはっきりした特徴的な形に進化。 視覚的な性的信号: 視覚的な性的信号はこの他にも沢山ある。雌では乳房が急に大きくなる。体形も変化。雄では肩幅が広くなり、雌では骨盤が広くなる。 嗅覚: 我々の嗅覚は、進化にともない相当低下。たが性行動ではまだ有効に作用している。 我々は特別大きな発香腺ないが、小さなアポクリン腺は多数持っている。 特に、腋窩と性器の部分には沢山集まっている。それらの部分に発毛が匂いのトラップとなっているらしい。雌の方が雄よりも75% も多く、この汗腺がある。 エクソガミー (異系交配): 生殖システムには若干の変更が必要となった。それはエクソガミー、即ち異系交配である。 娘も息子も外につがいを見出さなければならない。 長期に亘る単婚: 単純な森の住人から協力的な狩猟者への変化に伴う大脳の巨大化は、技術的な改善に従事するようになった。 この光栄な獲得によって、種の性的なシステムはどの位の影響受けたのか？ ほとんどない。この近代的な街の外観の裏には、昔ながらの裸のサルが住んでいる。名称だけは変化した。狩りは労働に、狩り場は仕事場に、家族のベースは家庭に、つがいは結婚に、つがいの相手は妻にというように

>Top 3. Rearing: Fertilization: The embryo has started to grow in her uterus. She experiences: monthly menstrual flow eases early-morning nausea lower blood pressure slightly anaemic. breasts become swollen and tender appetite increase typically more placid >Top After a gestation period (about 266 days) Her uterus: begins to contract powerfully amniotic membrane surrounding the foetus is ruptured violent contractions expel the infant from the womb, through the vaginal passage. Renewed contractions then dislodge and eject the placenta. the cord connecting the bay to the placenta is then severed. After the birth: It may take 1-2 days for the mother's milk-flow. feed the bay regularly for up to 2 years average suckling period is shorter; 6 to 9 months suckling is more of a problem than other primates. >Top Mother's behaviour: 80% of mothers cradle their infants in their left arms. heart-beat is the vital factor? the growing embryo becomes fixated ('imprinted') on the sound of the heart-beat (72 beats per minute) 373 out of 466 Madonna-and -child paintings showed the bay on the left breast. this explains why we insist on locating feelings of love in the heart rather than the head: "You gotta have heart!" rock music, beat music	3. 育児: 受胎: 胎児は子宮の中で成長 彼女の変化: 月経の休止 つわり 血月低下 貧血 乳房の拡大 気分の落ち着き 妊娠期間(平均266日)の後: 子宮の変化 強烈な収縮 羊膜破裂 強い収縮と出産 胎盤の押し出し 臍帯の切断 分娩後: 母乳が出るまで1-2日かかる 通常、母乳期間は２年間 母乳期間は短縮傾向：6-9ヶ月 他の霊長類に比べて授乳が困難 母親の行動: 80%の母親は左手に乳児を抱く 心音が重要な役割か 胎児の頃からの心臓脈動 (毎分72搏動) の刷り込み効果 聖母マリアの絵；466枚中373枚が左胸にキリストを抱く構図 愛の感情は、頭ではなく心臓にある。 歌詞 ロック音楽、ビート音楽
>Top A baby: average weight: 7 pounds (3,175 grams); 1/20 the weight of the average parent. Growth is very rapid during the first two years; remains reasonably fast throughout the following four years. At the age of six, it slows down considerably. gradual growth continues until 11 in boys and until 10 in girls. Rapid growth is seen again from 11 to 17 in boys and from 10 to 15 in girls. Because of earlier puberty, girls tend to outstrip boys between 11 and 14 years, but then the boys pass them again. Body growth tends to end for girls at around 19, and for boys at about 25. The first teeth usually appear around 6th or 7th month, and the full set of milk teeth is usually complete by the end of second year or the middle of the third. permanent teeth erupt in 6th year. >Top Sleeping: 16.6 hours during the first three days of life 14 hours at the age of six months 12 hours in the fifth year 9 hours each night by the age of thirteen 8 hours from the adult pattern Pre school age: more intelligent ones tend to sleep less than the dull ones. After the age of seven this relationship is reversed. the more intelligent schoolchildren sleeping more than the dull ones. The time taken to fall asleep: about 20 minutes >Top Walking: Unlike other primate species its musculature is poorly developed. the newborn is helpless and can only make trivial movements of its arms and legs. At 1 month old: it can raise its chin up off the ground At 2 months: it can raise its chest off the ground At 3 months: it can reach towards suspended objects At 4 months: it can sit up, with support from the mother At 6 months: in can sit up in a high chair At 7 months: it can sit up alone without assistance. At 8 months: it can stand up with support from the mother. At 9 months: it can stand up by holding on to furniture. At 10 months: it can creep along the ground At 11 months: it can walk when led by the parent's hand. At 12 months: it can pull itself up into a standing position with the help of solid objects. At 13 months it can climb up a set of stairs. At 14 months: it can stand up by itself At 15 months: comes the great moment when it can walk alone by itself.	乳幼児: 出産体重：７ポンド (3,175g)：親の1/20 最初の２年間は超高度成長、その後４歳まではかなり高度成長 ６歳で成長は鈍化 徐々の成長は、男子は11歳まで、女子は10歳まで続く。 思春期が早いため、11-14歳の間は女子が追い越すが、その後は男子が追い越す。 身体の成長は、女子ではおよそ19歳、男子では25歳まで 最初の乳歯は6-7ヶ月頃発生。前部生えそろうのは2年末～3年の始め頃 永久歯は６歳から生え始める 睡眠: 16.6時間；生後３日間 14時間：６ヶ月後 12時間：５歳まで 9時間：13歳まで 8時間：大人のパターン 就学期まで：高知能の子は睡眠少ないが、就学期になるとこれが逆転し、高知能の子の方が睡眠が長い 就寝までの時間：約20分 歩行: 他の霊長類に比べ、筋肉系は貧弱 新生児は無力で、手足を少し動かせるだけ 1ヶ月：顎を床から持ち上げる 2ヶ月：胸を持ち上げる 3ヶ月：つるした物体に手を伸ばす 4ヶ月：母親に支えられて座れる 6ヶ月：椅子に座れる 7ヶ月：手助けなしで座れる 8ヶ月：母親に支えられて立ち上がる 9ヶ月：家具につかまって立ち上がる 10ヶ月：床を這うことができる 11ヶ月：親の手を借りて歩ける 12ヶ月：物につかまって立っていられる 13ヶ月：階段を上れる 14ヶ月：物につかまらずに立てる 15ヶ月：助けを借りずに歩けるという偉大な瞬間
>Top Words: At 15 months: it also begins to utter its first words. By the age of 2: can speak nearly 300 words. By the age of 3: it has triples: 900 words By the age of 4: it can mange 1,600 words. By the age of 5: 2,100 words This astonishing rate of learning in the field of vocal imitation is unique to our species as one of our greatest achievements. It is related to the pressing need for more precise and helpful communication in connection with cooperative hunting activities. Inborn signals: The basic, instinctive grunts, moans and screams that we share with other primates are not thrown out by our newly-won verbal brilliance. They emerge without training and they mean the same in all cultures. Scream, whisper, laugh, roar, moan and rhythmic crying convey the same messages to everyone everywhere. Smiling and laughing are unique and rather specialized signals. >Top Laughing: Crying is present at birth, but laughing doe not appear until the third or fourth mont. Its arrival coincides with the development of parental recognition. Laughter becomes a play signal, a sign that the increasingly dramatic interactions between the child and the parent. As chimpanzees grow, the significance of the play signal dwindles ever more, whereas ours expands and acquires still greater importance in everyday life. The naked ape, even as an adult, is a playful ape.	言葉: 15ヶ月：最初の言葉を発する 2歳：300語を話す 3歳：単語が３倍の900語を話す 4歳：1,600語を話す 5歳：2,100語を話す この音声模倣の学習能力はヒトに特有な偉大な能力の一つで、これは協力的な狩りの活動に関連したコミュニケーションの必要性と関連 生来の音声記号: うめき声、うなり声、叫び声は他の霊長類と共通 それらは訓練なしに生じ、すべての文化に共通。 叫び声、ささやき、笑い、うなり、うめき、泣き声は誰にでも同じメッセージ ほほえみと笑いは人間に独特で、特殊化した信号 笑い: 泣くのは誕生と同時だが、笑いは3-4ヶ月目。親の識別の発達と同時 笑いは遊びの信号で、子と親の間のドラマティックな相互作用 チンパンジーは成長に伴い、遊びの信号が弱まる。一方、ヒトの方は日常生活の中でますます重要になる。裸のサルは大人になっても遊ぶサルである。
>Top Maternally simulating signals: When we are born we are in a much more hazardous position. Not only are we too weak to cling, but there is nothing to cling to. Robbed of any mechanical means of ensuring close proximity with our mothers, we must rely entirely on maternally stimulating signals. The signal we use is the simile. At first it is most responsive to a pair of eyes staring at it. Even two black spots on a piece of card will do. As the weeks pass, a mouth also becomes necessary. The infant is hopeless at discriminating between such things as square and triangle or other sharp geometrical shapes. There is a special advance in the maturing of the ability to recognize certain rather limited kinds of shapes - those related to human features. By the age of 7 months the infant is completely imprinted on its mother. New pattern of behaviour: AS the months pass, a new pattern of infant behaviour begins to emerge: aggression arrives on the scene. Temper tantrums and angry crying begin to differentiate themselves from the earlier all-pupose crying response. >Top Teaching: The offspring will be learning rapidly by imitation. So much of what other animals must laboriously learn for themselves, we acquire quickly by following the example of our parents. The naked ape is a teaching ape. Much of what we do as adults is based on the imitative absorption during our childhood years. It is the unmodifiable obedience to these impressions that makes it so hard for societies to change their customs and their beliefs. Even when faced with exciting, brilliantly rational new ideas, based on the application of pure, objective intelligence, the community will still cling to its old home-based habits and prejudices. Good balance: Only if a culture becomes too rigid as a result of its slavery to imitative repetition, or too daring and rashly exploratory, will it flounder. Those with a good balance between the two urges will thrive.	母親を刺激する信号: 生まれたことは頼りない状態。しがみつくこともできないし、しがみつく物もない。母親に血が付く物理的な手段がない状態では、母親を刺激する信号しかない。 我々が使う信号とはほほえみ サイトは２つの目に反応する。紙に書いた２つの黒い点にも反応する。数週間経てば、口も必要となる。 幼児は最初は四角も三角も幾何学的な形も区別できない。最初に人間の特徴的な形に限って先に認識できるようになっている。 ７ヶ月目までに、幼児は完全に母親の刷り込みが完了する。 新しい行動パターン: 何ヶ月過ぎると、幼児の新たな行動パターンが始まる。即ち攻撃行動。かんしゃくや怒りが初期の泣くだけから分離を始める。 教育: 幼児は模倣によって急速に学ぶ 他の動物は苦労して学ぶが、我々は親の例を真似ることですぐに獲得する。裸のサルは教育するサルである。 社会の習慣や信念を変えることが難しいのは、我々がこの刷り込みにどうしようなく従っているから。 客観的な知性に基づいたすばらしく合理的な新しいアイデアに遭遇しても、社会は古い習慣や変換にしがみつく。 バランス: 模倣の反復の奴隷となって硬直化したり、またはあまりにも大胆かつ探査的になると、苦しむ結果となる。 これらの二つの衝動の間で適切なバランスを取ることが繁栄につながる。

>Top  4. Exploration: The non-specialists: The opportunists of the animal world can never afford to relax. They are never sure where their next meal may be coming from. They must explore, and keep on exploring. >Top the unarmed mammal must be forever on the alert. It must know the signs of danger and the routes of escape. Of all the non-specialists, the monkeys and apes are perhaps the most opportunist. We never stop investigating. We are never satisfied that we know enough to get by. Every question we answer leads on to another question. This has become the greatest survival trick of our species. Specialist way of life: It might seem rather inefficient not to specialize. Everything is fine as long as the special survival device works, but if the environment undergoes a major change the specialist is left stranded. >Top Neophilia (love of the new): has been contrasted with neophobia (fear of the new). Everything unfamiliar is potentially dangerous. But if it is avoided, then how shall we every know anything about it? The neophilic urge must drive us on and keep us interested until the unknown has become the known. The wild animals are the ones who are trying to limit exploration. >Top Graphic discovery: It is not until after the second birthday that the bold, confident, multiple scribbling really gains momentum. At the age of three the average child move into a new graphic phase. Breath-through in the second half of the third year: it can even achieve a 'marked circle.' There is a sudden flash of recognition. New faces are made, better faces, with the eyes and mouth in the right place. Details are added - hair, ears, a nose, arms and legs.	4. 探索: 非特殊化: 動物界の非特殊化は気を休める暇がない。次の食事の心配をしなければならないから。彼らはともかく探索し続けなければならない。 非武装の哺乳類は常に油断できない。危険の徴候と逃げ道を考えて置かなければならない。 非特殊化の内では、サルが最も該当する。 我々は探索をやめない。これで十分ということは決してない。質問が次ぎの質問を生む。これこそが我々の種の生存の最大の秘訣である。 スペシャリストの生き方: 特殊化しないことは非効率と思われるかも知れない。 特殊な生存の仕組みが続く限りすべてはうまくいくが、もし環境が大幅に変化したらスペシャリストは立ちいかなくなる。 ネオフィリア (新奇を愛する): これはネオフォビア (新奇を恐れる)の反対語である。 見慣れないものはすべて危険が潜んでいる。しかしもしそれを避けてしまっては、それを知ることができない。 ネオフィリア的衝動は、未知が既知に変わるまで我々の興味を引き続ける。 野獣は探索を限定しようとする動物である。 図の発見: ２歳になると、大胆で、自信に満ちた沢山のなぐり書きをする。 3歳になると、こともは新たなグラフィックの新たな段階に入る。 ３歳の後半には飛躍が訪れる。新しい顔、上手な顔で、目も口も正しい位置に書かれ、さらに髪の毛、耳、鼻、腕、足が付け加えられる。
>Top Percussive drumming: Drumming is also the most widespread form of musical expression. Whereas the adult chimpanzees never manage much more than a simple rhythmic tattoo, we elaborate it into complex poly-rhythms and augment it with vibrating rattles and pitch variations. Dancing has followed much the same course as music and singing. Closely related to dancing has been the growth of gymnastics. >Top Writing: Writing, a formalized offshoot of picture-making, and verbalized vocal communication have been developed as our major means of transmitting and recording information. The intricate elaboration of our ancestral grunts and squeaks into complex symbolic speech has enables us to sit and play with thoughts in our heads, and to manipulate our word sequences to new ends as aesthetic, experimental play-things. >Top Play-rules: You shall investigate the unfamiliar until it has become familiar you shall impose rhythmic repetition on the familiar you shall vary this repetition in as many ways as impossible you shall select the most satisfying of these variations and develop these at the expense of others you shall combine and recombine these variations one with another you shall do all this for its own sake, as an end in itself. Ever-present battle: Neophilic urge drives us on to new experiences, makes us crave for novelty. Neophobic urge holds us back, makes us take refuge in the familiar. We are constantly in a state of shifting balance between the conflicting attractions of the exciting new stimulus and the friendly old one.	打楽器のドラミング: ドラミングは、最も広く行われている音楽表現である。 大人のチンパンジーは単純なリズムを打つしかできないが、ヒトは、複雑なポリ・リズムをバイブレートやピッチのバリエーションに広げることができる。 踊りも、音楽や歌の同じような経過をたどってくる。 踊りに密接に関連しているのが体操の発達である。 書くこと: 絵画の分派としての文字を書くことと、音声によるコミュニケーションは我々の情報伝達の手段として発達した。 祖先のうめき声はキーキー声が複雑な象徴言語に発展したことで、我々は座ったままで頭の中の思想を操ったり、美的で実験的な遊び道具にまで操作できるようになった。 遊びのルール: 見慣れないものは見慣れるまで探索すること 見慣れたものはリズミカルに繰り返すこと この繰り返しをできるだけ多くの方法で行うこと。 これらの変化の内、最も満足できるものを選び、それを他の犠牲において発展させること。 これらの変化を互いに何度も結びつけること。 これらはそれ自身の為に、それ自身を目的として行うこと。 新奇を好むか嫌うかのバランス::
>Top Over-protected children: In our own species, over-protected children will always suffer in adult social contacts. This is especially important in the case of only children. The rearing process has two district phases - an early inward-turing one and a later, outward-turning one. The are both vitally important. >Top Social withdrawal: At the more extreme case of social withdrawal, we can witness anti-exploratory behaviour in its most extreme and characteristic form. They find the environment so threatening, social contracts so frightening and impossible, that hey seek comfort and reassurance by super-familiarizing their behaviour. The rhythmic repetition of an act renders it increasingly familiar and safe. 'Nothing ventured, nothing gained' has been re-written; 'Nothing ventured, nothing lost.' Stereotypes: Stereotypes also crop up in situations of extreme boredom. This can be seen vary clearly in zoo animals as well as in our own species. The cage-bars are a solid, physical equivalent of the psychological barriers facing the socially withdrawn individual. They constitute a powerful anti-exploratory device and, left with nothing to explore, the zoo animal begins to express itself in the only way possible, by developing rhythmic stereotypes.	過保護の子供: 我々の種では、過保護の子供は、大人になってからの社会的接触について苦しむ。 これは特に一人っ子の場合重要 育成のプロセスには２つの時期がある。初期の内面へ向いた時期と、外面に向いた時期とである。いずれも決定的に重要である。 社会的引きこもり: 社会的な引きこもりの極端なケースでは、そこには反探索行動が、極端な特徴として認められる。 彼らにとっては、環境は恐ろしく、社会的接触はぞっとする程不可能なことであり、彼らの行動を超親密化することで慰安と安心を得るのである。一つの行動をリズミカルに繰り返すことでますます親密で安全になっていく。「危険を冒さなければ、何も得られない」という諺は「危険を冒さなければ、何も失わない」と書き換えられているのである。 ステレオタイプ: ステレオタイプは、極端に退屈な状況で現れる。これは、我々のみならず、動物園の動物にも見られる。 鉄の檻は社会的な引きこもりの個人が遭遇する心理的な障壁と同等のものである。それは強烈な反探索的な道具となり、何も探索する余地はなくなる。動物園の動物は繰り返しのステレオタイプを発達させることが、唯一可能な自己表現となる。

>Top 5. Fighting: Reasons for fighting: Animals fight amongst themselves for one of two very good reasons; either to establish their dominance in a social hierarchy, or to establish their territorial rights over a particular piece of ground. Some have hierarchies on their territories and have to contend with both forms of aggression. Autonomic nervous system: This system consists of two opposing and the parasympathetic. The former is the one that is concerned with preparing the body for violent activity. The latter has the task of preserving and restoring bodily reserves. >Top Sympathetic system: When this is activated, adrenalin pours into the blood. The heart beats faster and blood is transferred from the skin and viscera to the muscles and brain. There is an increase in blood pressure. The rate of production of red blood corpuscle is rapidly stepped up. There is reduction of the time taken for blood to coagulate. There is a cessation in the processes of digesting and storing food. Salivation is restrained. Movements of the stomach, the secretion of gastric juices, and the peristaltic movements of the intestines are all inhibited. The rectum and bladder do not empty as easily as under normal conditions. Stored carbohydrate is rushed out of the liver and floods the blood with sugar. There is a massive increase in respiratory activity. Breathing becomes quicker and deeper. The temperature-regulating mechanisms are activated. The hair stands on end and there is profuse seating.	5. 闘い: 闘いの理由: 動物は２つの理由のどちらかのために戦う。階層の中での優位性確立か、または一定地域でのなわばりの確立か 一部はなわばりの中での階層を作り、両方の型と闘う。 自律神経系 交感神経と副交感神経とは相対立する機能。前者は激しい活動に備えた体の準備。後者は、体の貯えを準備し回復させる。 交感神経: アドレナリンが血液中に分泌 心拍が早くなり、血液は皮膚と内臓から筋肉と脳へ移動 血圧の上昇。赤血球の生産率増加。血液凝固の時間減少 食物の消化と貯蔵の停止 唾液分泌の抑制 胃の運動、胃液分泌、腸の蠕動の停止 直腸と膀胱の排泄抑制 肝臓から貯蔵炭水化物の放出と血糖値上昇 呼吸の増大、速くかつ深くなる 体温調節機構の活性化。毛髪の逆立ちと発汗作用
>Top Parasympathetic system: The parasympathetic system fights back wildly and the autonomic pendulum swings frantically back and forth. Dryness in the mouth may give way to excessive salivation. Tightening of the bowels may collapse and sudden defecation may occur. The urine, held back so strongly in the bladder, may be released in a flood. The removal of blood from the skin may be massively reversed, extreme pallor being replaced by intense flushing and reddening. The deep and rapid respiration may be dramatically interrupted, leading to gasps and sighs. >Top Displacement activity: There is another important source of special signals, arising from a category of behaviour that has been named displacement activity. An animal sometimes exhibits strange and seemingly irrelevant pieces of behaviour. Its urge to flee blocks its urge to attack and vice-versa, so it vents its feelings in some other way.	副交換神経: 副交感神経の強烈な抵抗、振り子の揺り戻し 口腔の乾燥と大量の唾液分泌 腸の緊張緩和と突然の排便 膀胱に停留していた尿の放出 皮膚から去っていた血液の逆流と皮膚の赤み増加 深く速かった呼吸が急激に中断し、息を切らし喘ぐ。 転位活動: もう一つの重要な、転位活動と呼ばれる特殊な信号がある。 動物は時々、奇妙な関連性のない行動をする。 逃げたい衝動が攻撃したい衝動に抑えられ、逆に、攻撃の衝動は、逃避の衝動に抑えられ、他の方へ感情のはけ口を求める。
>Top Behaviour of the loser:　　　 They either switch off the signals that have been arousing the aggression, or they switch on other, positively non-aggressive signals. A chimpanzee will hold out its hand as a gesture of submission, rendering it extremely vulnerable for serious biting. A particularly widespread re-motivator is the adoption of juvenile food-begging postures. The weaker individual crouches and begs from the dominant one in the infantile posture. Law of the jungle: Intra-specific aggression has to be inhibited and controlled, and the more powerful and savage the prey-killing weapons of a particular species are, the stronger must be the inhibitions about using hem to settle disputes with rivals. Startling eye-spots: Many species have evolved staring eye-spots as self-defence mechanisms. Many moths have a pair of startling eye-markings on their wings. These lie concealed until the creatures are attacked by predators. Hand-shake: We have adapted typical begging or imploring posture as a widespread greeting gesture in the shape of the friendly hand-shake. >Top Lie: We lie more with our words than our other communication signals. It is extremely difficult to utter untruths with the kind of behaviour patterns we have been discussing, but not impossible. Between adults who are much more preoccupied with the verbalized information content of the social interactions, it can be more successful. The most successful behaviour-liars are those who think themselves into the basic mood they wish to convey and then let the small details take care of themselves. This method is frequently used with great success by professional liars, such as actors and actresses. (socially licensed to lie)	敗者の行動: 敗者は、攻撃の信号を切るか、あるいは積極的に非攻撃の信号を送る チンパンジーは、服従の姿勢として最も傷つきやすい手を差し出す 広く行われている症状除去は、子供が餌をねだる姿勢をとる。うずくまったり、餌をねだったりする。 ジャングルの掟: 種内の闘争は抑制され、制御されなければならない。獲物を殺す武器が強力であればあるほど、それをライバルとの闘争にそれを使うことの抑制も強くなる。 眼状紋: 多くの種では自己防衛の機構として眼状紋を進化させた。多くの蛾は翅の一対に驚くような眼状紋がある。これは捕食者に攻撃されるまでは隠されている。 握手: 典型的な懇願する姿勢として普及 ウソ: 我々はウソをつく場合、多くの場合、言葉によってであり、他の伝達信号ではない。 行動パターンで真実でないことを表現することは極めて難しいが、不可能という訳ではない。 言語におる情報に多く依存している大人の間では、言葉によるウソは成功する確率が高い。 成功率の高い行動的な嘘つきは、基本的なムードとしてその気分になり切り、細部だけを操作する場合。これは職業的な嘘つきである俳優によってよく行われる。
>Top Intra-specific aggression: The proper business of intra-specific aggression at a biological level is the subduing and not the killing of the enemy. The final stage of destruction of life are avoided because the enemy either flees or submits. But the moment that attacking is done from such a distance that the appeasement signals of the losers cannot be read by the winner, then violent aggression is going to go raging on. Mayhem: Aiding and abetting this mayhem is our specially evolved cooperativeness. Loyalty on the hunt has become loyalty in fighting, and war is born. Defeat is what an animal wants, not murder; domination is the goal of aggression, not destruction. They attack now more to support their comrades than to dominate their enemies; this unfortunate development may yet prove to be our undoing and lead to the rapid extinction of the species. >Top Religion: In a behavioural sense, religious activities consist of the coming together of large groups of people to perform repeated and prolonged submissive displays to appease a dominant individual The dominant individual is usually, but not always, referred to as a god (having the the common factor of immense power) From our ancient background there remained a need for an all-powerful figure who could keep the group under control, and the vacancy was filled by the invention of a god. Experiences and understanding: A belief in the validity of the acquisition of knowledge and aa scientific understanding of the world we live in, the creation and appreciation of aesthetic phenomena in all their many forms, and the broadening and deepening of our range of experiences in day-to-day living, is rapidly becoming the religion of our time. Experience and understanding are our rather abstract god-figures, and ignorance and stupidity will make them angry. Our schools and universities are our religious training centres.	種内での闘争: 種内での闘争の目的は敵を降参させることであって、殺すことではない。最終的な生命の破壊は、敵が逃げるか、降参することによって避けられている。 遠距離からの高原では、降参の信号は勝利者に読まれることがないので、猛烈が攻撃が継続する。 破壊行為: この破壊行為を助長しているのは、我々が特に進化させてきた協力性である。 狩りにおける忠誠心は、闘いにおける忠誠心となり、戦争が誕生した。 動物が欲するのは勝利であって、殺害ではない。優位を占めることが目的で、破壊が目的ではない。 今や人間は、劇を支配するよりも、仲間を助けるために攻撃する。この不幸な発達が我々の破滅とない、種を急速な滅亡に導いていくかもしれない。 宗教: 宗教活動は、大きな集団が集まって、ある優位な個体をなだめるための服従の誇示を何度も、長々と行うことである。 この優位な個体は、通常、いつもとは限らないが、神と呼ばれる。 (無限の力を持つ) 経験と知識: 知識の獲得と世界に対する科学的な理解、美的な現象への理解、日常性格の経験を拡大深化することは、今日的な宗教になりつつある。 経験と知識は我々の抽象化された神的なものとなり、無知と愚鈍は神々を怒らせる。 我々の学校や大学は宗教的な訓練センターである。

>Top 6. Feeding: Not typical primates: As typical primates munches away on small, non-stop snacks. The typical carnivore gorges itself on large meals, well spaced out in time, and we clearly fall in with this pattern. Prey temperature: Why we heat our food and eat it while it is still hot? Although we no longer consume freshly killed meat, we nevertheless devour it at much the same temperature as other carnivore species. Another interpretation is that we have such weak teeth that we are forced to tenderize the meat by cooking it. The third explanation is that, by increasing the temperature of the food, we improve its flavour. >Top Flavour: The food of typical primates have much wider variety of flavours than those of carnivores. The surface of the tongue is covered with small projections called papillae, which carry the tate buds. We can only respond to four basic tastes: The tip of the tongue is particularly responsive to salt and sweet, the sides to sour and the back to bitter. Varied flavours that we respond to so sensitively are not tasted, but smelt.

6. 食事: 典型的な霊長類ではない: 典型的な霊長類は、少量の食事を絶えずもぐもぐ食べる 典型的な肉食類は、大量の未来を一度に食べる。我々は明らかにこのパターンである。 餌の温度: 我々はなぜ加熱して、暖かい内に食べるのか。 一つは獲物の温度を再現するため 二つ目は、我々の歯が弱いので料理によって食べ物を軟らかくする。 三つ目は、加熱によって味を良くする。 味覚: 霊長類の食事は、肉食類よりはるかに味覚に富んでいる。 舌の表面は味蕾という小さな突起で覆われている。 我々は４つの味に反応する。舌先では塩辛さと甘さを、両側面では酸味に、背面では苦みに反応する。 さまざまな風味に反応するのは、味覚ではなく嗅覚である。

>Top Sweet-tooth: We are undeniably prevalent sweet-tooth This is something alien to the true carnivore, but typically primate-like. There are two elements in a food object: it nutritive value and its palatability. >Top Overweight: Food is is general made so tasty - so much more tasty than it would be in nature - its palatability value rise sharply, and eating responses are overstimulated. The result is in many cases an unhealthily overweight condition. There is only one true answer to the problem; to eat less. But the subject remains surrounded by super-palatability signals, it is difficult for him to maintain this course of action for any length of time. Displacement activities: In tense moments we nibble small morsels of food or sip unneeded drinks. This may help to relax the tension in us, but it also helps us to put on weight. Meat and plant diet balance: The dramatic changes that have occurred in the methods of obtaining the nutritional supplies, the naked ape of today is still feeding on much the same basic diet as his ancient hunting ancestors. The transformation is more apparent than real.

甘党: 我々は何と言っても甘党である。肉食類ではそうではないが、霊長類に典型的。 食物の要素には、栄養価とおいしさとがある。 肥りすぎ: 食べ物が、自然状態よりも、おいしく作られていることにある。このために、味覚価が高まりすぎて、摂食反応が過剰に刺激される。 その結果、多くの場合、不健康な肥りすぎとなる。 この問題には唯一の解答しかない。少ししか食べないことである。 問題は、超美味信号に囲まれたままなので、長期間、節食を維持するのは難しい。 転位行動: 緊張した時、食べ物をちょっとかじったり、不要な飲み物を取ったりする。これは緊張緩和になるが、体重増加にもつながる。 動物食と植物食のバランス: 栄養摂取の方法は、劇的な変化を遂げたといっても、今日の裸のサルは食べ物の取り方では、狩猟性の先祖と同じ食べ物を食べている。 変化は見かけだけのものである。

>Top 7. Comfort: Body surface: An animal's body surface receives a great deal of rough treatment durining the course of its life. We tend to think of these leaning actions as compartiely trivial, but without them the body ould not function efficiently For some creatures, such as small birds, plumage maintenance is a matter of life and death. Social grooming: The development of a friendly mutual aid system. special grooming invitation signals have ben evolved here and social cosmetic activitie are prolonged and intense. Pattern of talking: It evolved originally out of the increased need for the cooperative exchange of information. Information talikng: This new medhod of communication enables our ancestors to refer to objects in the environment and also to the past and the future as well as to the present. Mood talking: We still can and do convey our emotional stakes by giving vent to anceint primate screams and grunts. Exploratory talking: This is taling for talking's sake, aesthetic talking, play talking. The poet paralleled the painter. Grooming talking: This is the meaningless, polite chatter of social occasions: 'nice weather we are having' or 'have you read any good books lately' form of talking.

7. 慰安: 体表: 動物の体表は、一生の間に激しい扱いを受ける。 我々は体を清潔にすることは取るに足らないことも思いがちだが、それなしには身体はうまく機能しない。 一部の動物、小鳥などは、羽毛の手入れは死活問題である。 社会的毛繕い: 友好的な相互援助システムの発展、特に毛繕いに誘う特別な信号が深化し、社会的美容活動が長時間強化された。 話すことのパターン: 情報交換の必要性から進化してきた。 情報談話: 我々の祖先は、新たなコミュニケーションの方法として、環境の事柄について、さらに現在のみならず過去や未来についても情報交換するようになった。 ムード談話: 情緒的な気分を昔の霊長類式の悲鳴やうなり声によって伝える。 探索談話: 話すために話したり、美的な談話、遊びの談話である。詩人は画家と並ぶ存在である。 毛繕い談話: 社会的な場面での意味のない、おしゃべり。「良い天気ですね」「最近何かおもしろい本を読みましたか」などの会話である。

>Top 8. Animals: Other species: All the higher forms of animal life are aware of at least some of the other species with which they share their environment. They regard them in one of fine ways: Prey: Domestication of livestock is known to have been practiced for at least 10,000 years. Goats, sheep and reindeer have been the earliest prey species. Then with the development of settle agricultural communities, pigs and cattle, including Asiatic buffalo and yak were added to the list. Amongst the birds, chicken, goose and duck, with later minor additions of the pheasant, guinea fowl, quail and turkey. Symbionts: The most ancient symbiont in our history is undoubtedly the dog. They are particularly adept at herding and driving prey during hunting maneuvers and could carry this out at high speed. They also had more delicate sense of smell and hearing. Competitors: Any species which competes with us for food or space, or interferes with the efficient running of our lives, is ruthlessly eliminated. In the past our closest primate relatives have been our most threatening rivals and it is no accident that today we are the only species surviving in our entire family. Parasites: The future looks even more bleak. No one will shed a tear over the increasing rarity of the flea. As medical science progresses, the grip of the parasites dwindles. Predators: We have never rally constituted a main diet component for any species, and our numbers have never been seriously reduced by predation at any stage in our history. The larger carnivore, such as big cats, wild dogs, crocodile, sharks, massive birds of prey have nibbled away at us from time to time and their days are clearly numbered.	8. 動物たち: 他の動物種: すべての高等動物は、環境を共にする他の動物たちの存在を認識している。 餌: 家畜化は1万年も前から実施 山羊、羊、トナカイは速くから家畜化。その後、農業による定住性格に伴い、豚や牛、それとインド水牛とヤクが加えられた。 鳥では、鶏、ガチョウ、アヒル、その後、クジャク、ホロホロチョウ、ウズラ、七面鳥が追加 共生者: 最も古い共生の相手は犬である。 獲物を高速で狩りだすができ、鋭敏な嗅覚や聴覚を持っている。 競争者: 食料や空間で我々と競合する種はすべて攻撃され、駆除された。 過去には、我々に近い霊長類は、恐ろしい競争者だったが、今日、ヒト科全体で我々だけが生き残ったのは偶然ではない。 寄生者: 寄生者の将来は厳しい。だれもノミが希少化することには嘆かない。 医学の進歩に伴い、寄生虫も衰えていく。 捕食者: 我々は歴史上、他の種の主な食料源となったも、それで我々の個体数が減少したこともない。 大型の肉食動物、大型ネコ科、野生のイヌ、ワニ、サメ、猛禽類は時々我々の一部にかみついたりはするが、彼らの方の余命はいくばくもない。
>Top Anthropomorphic: The symbolic attitude to animals was originally christened the 'anthropoidomorphic' approach; now was contracted to anthropomorphic. Top ten animal loves by children: mammals: Chimpanzee: 13.5%& Monkey]: 13% Horse: 9% Bushbaby (Galago): 8% Panda: 7.5% Bear: 7% Elephant: 6% Lion: 5% Dog: 4% Giraffe: 2.5% >Top Law of animal appeal: The first law of animal appeal states that 'The popularity of an animal is directly correlated with the number of anthropomorphic features it possesses.' The second law states that 'The age of a child is inversely correlated with the size of the animal it most prefers.' When the child is very young, its parents are all-importantprotective figures. They dominate the child's awareness. They are large, friendly animals, and large friendly animals are therefore easily identified with parental figures. (symbolic parent) As the child grows it starts to assert itself, to compete with its parents. The preferred animal has to shrink down to a manageable size. (symbolic child) ONe striking exception to the second law is horse. Conservation of wild life: If we are to continue to enjoy the rich complexities of the animal world and to use wild animals as objects of scientific and aesthetic exploration, we must give them a helping had. If we allow them to vanish, we shall have simplified our environment in a most unfortunate way.	擬人化: 元は、'擬類人猿的'だったが、今では'擬人的'を呼ばれるようになった。 子供たちによる人気動物ベスト10: チンパンジー: 13.5%& 猿: 13% 馬: 9% ガラゴ: 8% パンダ: 7.5% 熊: 7% 象: 6% ライオン: 5% 犬: 4% キリン: 2.5% 動物の魅力法則: 動物の魅力は、その擬人的な特徴に正比例する。 子でもと年齢は、その好む動物のサイズに反比例する。 子供が小さければ、親は無条件の保護の象徴 (動物は親の象徴) 子供が大きくなるにつれて、大きな動物より、管理しやすい動物に変わる (動物は子の象徴) これらの例外が馬である。 野生生物の保護: 動物界の複雑性を楽しみ、また科学や美的な探求の対象とするならば、保護の手を差し伸べなければならない。 もし彼らの絶滅を許すならば、我々の環境は不幸なやり方で、単純なものとなる。
>Top Long term picture: If our numbers continue to increate at the present frightening rate, it will eventually become a matter of choosing between us and them. The blunt fact is that when our own species density reaches a certain pitch, there will be no space left for other animals. In 17C the world population of naked apes was only 500 million. It has now risen to 3,000 million. Every 24 hours it increase by another 150,000. In 260 years, if the rate of increase stays steady, there will be a seething mass of 400,000 million naked apes crowding the face of the earth. (11,000 individuals per square mile) Long before our populations reach the levels envisaged above we shall have broken so many of the rules that govern our biological nature that we shall have collapsed as a dominant species. Soon or later we shall go, and make way for something else. If it is to be later rather than sooner, then we must take a long, hard look at ourselves as biological specimens and gain some understanding of our limitations. Improve in quality: We must somehow improve in quality rather than in sheer quantity. If we do this, we can continue to progress technologically in a dramatic and exciting way without denying our evolutionary inheritance. If we do not, then our suppressed biological urges will build up and up until the dam bursts and the whole of our elaborate existence is swept away in the flood.	長期的な観点: 我々の数が現在の増加率で増えるとすれば、我々か彼らかの選択の問題にならざるを得ない。 我々の種が一定のレベルに達すると、彼らの住む場所はなくなる。 17Cには、裸のサルは5億に過ぎなかったが、現在は30億。24時間毎に15万も増加している。現在の増加率でいくと、260年後には、4000億となり、密度は１平方マイル当たり11,000となる。 人口がこの数字に達する遙か以前に、我々は、我々を支配している法則の大部分を破らざるを得なくなり、支配種としての地位の崩壊を招くであろう。 遅かれ速かれ、我々も絶滅し、何か他の種に道を譲ることになる。もしそれが遅くやってくるのであれば、我々は、我々自身を生物学的な対象として長期間、厳しく見なければならず、我々の限界についての理解を得ることになろう。 質的改善: 我々はなんとかして量的ではなく質的な改良を行わなければならない。もしそれを行うならば、我々は、進化によって獲得した遺伝を否定することなく、劇的な技術進歩を続けることができる。 もしそれができないならば、抑圧された生物的な症状がどんどん蓄積され、ダムは決壊して、我々の築いてきたすべてのものを洪水によって流されてしまうことになろう。

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>Top To observe monkeys and apes is to recognize our ancient behavior: which is the legacy character and which is the newly acquired character. In the forthcoming drastic change of environment, we must develop ourselves to adopt it, challenging to be familiar to the unfamiliar behavior as post Homo Sapiens, re-abandoning our civilization of Eden where we have lived for a long time.

サルを観察することは我々の昔の挙動を認識することである。どれが古い性格か、どれが新しく獲得した性格か。 環境の大変化が来れば、我々はそれに適応して、ポスト・ホモサピエンスになるために不慣れなことに慣れなていかなければならない。長年住み慣れた今のエデンの園の文明を再び捨てて...